The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's OIDS and FORCE_QUOTE options are currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires superuser privileges, for security reasons: only a superuser should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle non-superusers could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
\nWhen specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename '/home/josh/data/log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's OIDS and FORCE_QUOTE options are currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the default role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the default role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename '/home/josh/data/log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the default role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the default role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename '/home/josh/data/log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the default role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the default role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nThe file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nExample\u00a0F.2.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table with an Option on a Column
\nTo set the force_null option for a column, use the OPTIONS keyword.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE films (\n code char(5) NOT NULL,\n title text NOT NULL,\n rating text OPTIONS (force_null 'true')\n) SERVER film_server\nOPTIONS ( filename 'films/db.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
on_errorSpecifies how to behave when encountering an error converting a column's input value into its data type, the same as COPY's ON_ERROR option.
reject_limitSpecifies the maximum number of errors tolerated while converting a column's input value to its data type, the same as COPY's REJECT_LIMIT option.
log_verbositySpecifies the amount of messages emitted by file_fdw, the same as COPY's LOG_VERBOSITY option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nExample\u00a0F.2.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table with an Option on a Column
\nTo set the force_null option for a column, use the OPTIONS keyword.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE films (\n code char(5) NOT NULL,\n title text NOT NULL,\n rating text OPTIONS (force_null 'true')\n) SERVER film_server\nOPTIONS ( filename 'films/db.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether to skip a header line, or how many header lines to skip, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
on_errorSpecifies how to behave when encountering an error converting a column's input value into its data type, the same as COPY's ON_ERROR option.
reject_limitSpecifies the maximum number of errors tolerated while converting a column's input value to its data type, the same as COPY's REJECT_LIMIT option.
log_verbositySpecifies the amount of messages emitted by file_fdw, the same as COPY's LOG_VERBOSITY option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options accept Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nExample\u00a0F.2.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table with an Option on a Column
\nTo set the force_null option for a column, use the OPTIONS keyword.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE films (\n code char(5) NOT NULL,\n title text NOT NULL,\n rating text OPTIONS (force_null 'true')\n) SERVER film_server\nOPTIONS ( filename 'films/db.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether to skip a header line, or how many header lines to skip, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
on_errorSpecifies how to behave when encountering an error converting a column's input value into its data type, the same as COPY's ON_ERROR option.
reject_limitSpecifies the maximum number of errors tolerated while converting a column's input value to its data type, the same as COPY's REJECT_LIMIT option.
log_verbositySpecifies the amount of messages emitted by file_fdw, the same as COPY's LOG_VERBOSITY option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options accept Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nExample\u00a0F.2.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table with an Option on a Column
\nTo set the force_null option for a column, use the OPTIONS keyword.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE films (\n code char(5) NOT NULL,\n title text NOT NULL,\n rating text OPTIONS (force_null 'true')\n) SERVER film_server\nOPTIONS ( filename 'films/db.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
The file_fdw module provides the foreign-data wrapper file_fdw, which can be used to access data files in the server's file system, or to execute programs on the server and read their output. The data file or program output must be in a format that can be read by COPY FROM; see COPY for details. Access to data files is currently read-only.
A foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nfilenameSpecifies the file to be read. Relative paths are relative to the data directory. Either filename or program must be specified, but not both.
programSpecifies the command to be executed. The standard output of this command will be read as though COPY FROM PROGRAM were used. Either program or filename must be specified, but not both.
formatSpecifies the data format, the same as COPY's FORMAT option.
headerSpecifies whether the data has a header line, the same as COPY's HEADER option.
delimiterSpecifies the data delimiter character, the same as COPY's DELIMITER option.
quoteSpecifies the data quote character, the same as COPY's QUOTE option.
escapeSpecifies the data escape character, the same as COPY's ESCAPE option.
nullSpecifies the data null string, the same as COPY's NULL option.
defaultSpecifies the string that represents a default value, the same as COPY's DEFAULT option.
encodingSpecifies the data encoding, the same as COPY's ENCODING option.
on_errorSpecifies how to behave when encountering an error converting a column's input value into its data type, the same as COPY's ON_ERROR option.
reject_limitSpecifies the maximum number of errors tolerated while converting a column's input value to its data type, the same as COPY's REJECT_LIMIT option.
log_verbositySpecifies the amount of messages emitted by file_fdw, the same as COPY's LOG_VERBOSITY option.
Note that while COPY allows options such as HEADER to be specified without a corresponding value, the foreign table option syntax requires a value to be present in all cases. To activate COPY options typically written without a value, you can pass the value TRUE, since all such options are Booleans.
A column of a foreign table created using this wrapper can have the following options:
\nforce_not_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column should not be matched against the null string (that is, the table-level null option). This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NOT_NULL option.
force_nullThis is a Boolean option. If true, it specifies that values of the column which match the null string are returned as NULL even if the value is quoted. Without this option, only unquoted values matching the null string are returned as NULL. This has the same effect as listing the column in COPY's FORCE_NULL option.
COPY's FORCE_QUOTE option is currently not supported by file_fdw.
These options can only be specified for a foreign table or its columns, not in the options of the file_fdw foreign-data wrapper, nor in the options of a server or user mapping using the wrapper.
Changing table-level options requires being a superuser or having the privileges of the role pg_read_server_files (to use a filename) or the role pg_execute_server_program (to use a program), for security reasons: only certain users should be able to control which file is read or which program is run. In principle regular users could be allowed to change the other options, but that's not supported at present.
When specifying the program option, keep in mind that the option string is executed by the shell. If you need to pass any arguments to the command that come from an untrusted source, you must be careful to strip or escape any characters that might have special meaning to the shell. For security reasons, it is best to use a fixed command string, or at least avoid passing any user input in it.
For a foreign table using file_fdw, EXPLAIN shows the name of the file to be read or program to be run. For a file, unless COSTS OFF is specified, the file size (in bytes) is shown as well.
Example\u00a0F.1.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table for PostgreSQL CSV Logs
\nOne of the obvious uses for file_fdw is to make the PostgreSQL activity log available as a table for querying. To do this, first you must be logging to a CSV file, which here we will call pglog.csv. First, install file_fdw as an extension:
CREATE EXTENSION file_fdw;\n\n
Then create a foreign server:
\nCREATE SERVER pglog FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER file_fdw;\n\n
Now you are ready to create the foreign data table. Using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE command, you will need to define the columns for the table, the CSV file name, and its format:
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pglog (\n log_time timestamp(3) with time zone,\n user_name text,\n database_name text,\n process_id integer,\n connection_from text,\n session_id text,\n session_line_num bigint,\n command_tag text,\n session_start_time timestamp with time zone,\n virtual_transaction_id text,\n transaction_id bigint,\n error_severity text,\n sql_state_code text,\n message text,\n detail text,\n hint text,\n internal_query text,\n internal_query_pos integer,\n context text,\n query text,\n query_pos integer,\n location text,\n application_name text,\n backend_type text,\n leader_pid integer,\n query_id bigint\n) SERVER pglog\nOPTIONS ( filename 'log/pglog.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n
That's it \u2014 now you can query your log directly. In production, of course, you would need to define some way to deal with log rotation.
\nExample\u00a0F.2.\u00a0Create a Foreign Table with an Option on a Column
\nTo set the force_null option for a column, use the OPTIONS keyword.
CREATE FOREIGN TABLE films (\n code char(5) NOT NULL,\n title text NOT NULL,\n rating text OPTIONS (force_null 'true')\n) SERVER film_server\nOPTIONS ( filename 'films/db.csv', format 'csv' );\n\n