{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"22034","name":"22034","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":0,"class_code":"22","condition_name":"more_than_one_sql_json_item","condition_names":["more_than_one_sql_json_item"],"content_hash":"4dda58a1a386ff77d9eb3cf7102016fa3f48b108a28b2673c0be929f39eb8bb6","depth":"reference","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"source_path_confirmed","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.095652+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"12.0","macros":["ERRCODE_MORE_THAN_ONE_SQL_JSON_ITEM"],"name_zh":"","present_in":["12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_MORE_THAN_ONE_SQL_JSON_ITEM","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"not_run","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":0,"source_rev":"english-manuals:00c46b2af84dfc515da2ba5cc0c1864d9c90fc7b3ab0f2a6b9eb20ca49e73b1a","sqlstate":"22034","status":"active","summary_zh":"SQL/JSON 结果多于一项，需要单项。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"22034","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"22034","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:00c46b2af84dfc515da2ba5cc0c1864d9c90fc7b3ab0f2a6b9eb20ca49e73b1a","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Data Exception","condition_name":"more_than_one_sql_json_item","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"22034"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"22034","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"en","Title":"22034 — more_than_one_sql_json_item","Summary":"A SQL/JSON query returned more than one item where the operation requires one. Fixed JSONQUERY/JSONVALUE paths report single-item or single-scalar requirements and may hint to use WITH WRAPPER.","BodyHTML":"\u003ch1\u003e22034\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAt a glance {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA SQL/JSON query returned more than one item where the operation requires one. Fixed JSON_QUERY/JSON_VALUE paths report single-item or single-scalar requirements and may hint to use WITH WRAPPER.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMessages {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe no-wrapper cardinality guards use these primary texts:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e| Operation | Primary and hint |\n| --- | --- |\n| \u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e column without wrapper | \u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression for column \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; must return single item when no wrapper is requested\u003c/code\u003e; HINT: \u003ccode\u003eUse the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.\u003c/code\u003e |\n| \u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e without a column name | \u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression in JSON_QUERY must return single item when no wrapper is requested\u003c/code\u003e; HINT: \u003ccode\u003eUse the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.\u003c/code\u003e |\n| \u003ccode\u003eJSON_VALUE\u003c/code\u003e with more than one item | \u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression in JSON_VALUE must return single scalar item\u003c/code\u003e |\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeaning {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fixed JSON_QUERY path collects the complete SQL/JSON result list and counts it before applying the wrapper mode. Without a wrapper, more than one item raises 22034; unconditional or conditional \u003ccode\u003eWITH WRAPPER\u003c/code\u003e turns the sequence into an array according to its mode. JSON_VALUE uses the same code when more than one item is returned, because it requires one scalar. Exactly one non-scalar item is a separate 2203F condition, and zero items set the empty flag for ON EMPTY handling. Lax auto-unwrapping can change the result cardinality; silent or non-ERROR ON ERROR behavior can suppress an evaluation error before the cardinality guard is reported.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecord the operation (\u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eJSON_VALUE\u003c/code\u003e), wrapper clause, column name, and number of items produced by the path. For JSON_QUERY, use \u003ccode\u003eWITH WRAPPER\u003c/code\u003e only when an array result is intended; for JSON_VALUE, reduce the path to one scalar rather than wrapping. Distinguish multiple items (22034), one non-scalar item (2203F), and no items handled by ON EMPTY/22035. Check strict/lax and silent settings because they affect the sequence seen by this guard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChange the path or filter to return one required item, or add the documented wrapper when the consumer expects an array. For JSON_VALUE, also ensure the one item is scalar. If the operation uses an ON ERROR behavior, keep its fallback consistent with the intended cardinality rather than treating NULL as proof that the path returned one item. If an ERROR occurred in an explicit transaction, roll back or roll back to the existing savepoint before retrying; autocommit can retry the corrected expression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVersions {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue records this condition from 12.0; the fixed SQL/JSON cardinality paths here are PostgreSQL 18.6. No natural runtime observation is claimed for this page.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/22033/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e22033\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/22035/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e22035\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSources {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJSON_QUERY wrapper and multi-item guards are \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880-4005\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. JSON_VALUE’s multiple-item and scalar distinction is \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L4008\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#L4008-4070\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The structured \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eevidence record\u003c/a\u003e retains the wrapper, cardinality, and hint roles; no natural runtime was run.\u003c/p\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:00c46b2af84dfc515da2ba5cc0c1864d9c90fc7b3ab0f2a6b9eb20ca49e73b1a","ContentHash":"2b8900bd7374e2536ab867dffcf4061604cee62f4cb5f717fb39bdc5ed3ca301","Payload":{"body_md":"# 22034\n\n## At a glance {#at-a-glance}\nA SQL/JSON query returned more than one item where the operation requires one. Fixed JSON_QUERY/JSON_VALUE paths report single-item or single-scalar requirements and may hint to use WITH WRAPPER.\n\n\n## Messages {#messages}\nThe no-wrapper cardinality guards use these primary texts:\n\n| Operation | Primary and hint |\n| --- | --- |\n| `JSON_QUERY` column without wrapper | `JSON path expression for column \"%s\" must return single item when no wrapper is requested`; HINT: `Use the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.` |\n| `JSON_QUERY` without a column name | `JSON path expression in JSON_QUERY must return single item when no wrapper is requested`; HINT: `Use the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.` |\n| `JSON_VALUE` with more than one item | `JSON path expression in JSON_VALUE must return single scalar item` |\n\n## Meaning {#meaning}\nThe fixed JSON_QUERY path collects the complete SQL/JSON result list and counts it before applying the wrapper mode. Without a wrapper, more than one item raises 22034; unconditional or conditional `WITH WRAPPER` turns the sequence into an array according to its mode. JSON_VALUE uses the same code when more than one item is returned, because it requires one scalar. Exactly one non-scalar item is a separate 2203F condition, and zero items set the empty flag for ON EMPTY handling. Lax auto-unwrapping can change the result cardinality; silent or non-ERROR ON ERROR behavior can suppress an evaluation error before the cardinality guard is reported.\n\n## Diagnosis {#diagnosis}\nRecord the operation (`JSON_QUERY` or `JSON_VALUE`), wrapper clause, column name, and number of items produced by the path. For JSON_QUERY, use `WITH WRAPPER` only when an array result is intended; for JSON_VALUE, reduce the path to one scalar rather than wrapping. Distinguish multiple items (22034), one non-scalar item (2203F), and no items handled by ON EMPTY/22035. Check strict/lax and silent settings because they affect the sequence seen by this guard.\n\n## Response {#response}\nChange the path or filter to return one required item, or add the documented wrapper when the consumer expects an array. For JSON_VALUE, also ensure the one item is scalar. If the operation uses an ON ERROR behavior, keep its fallback consistent with the intended cardinality rather than treating NULL as proof that the path returned one item. If an ERROR occurred in an explicit transaction, roll back or roll back to the existing savepoint before retrying; autocommit can retry the corrected expression.\n\n## Versions {#versions}\nThe locked catalogue records this condition from 12.0; the fixed SQL/JSON cardinality paths here are PostgreSQL 18.6. No natural runtime observation is claimed for this page.\n\n## Related {#related}\n[`22033`](/wiki/sqlstate/22033/), [`22035`](/wiki/sqlstate/22035/)\n\n## Sources {#sources}\nJSON_QUERY wrapper and multi-item guards are [`src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880-4005`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880). JSON_VALUE’s multiple-item and scalar distinction is [`#L4008-4070`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L4008). The structured [evidence record](#sources) retains the wrapper, cardinality, and hint roles; no natural runtime was run.\n","description":"Source-backed reference for PostgreSQL SQLSTATE 22034.","is_stale":false,"name":"","sections":[{"anchor":"","heading":"","html":"\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;22034\u0026lt;/h1\u0026gt;"},{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"At a glance","html":"\u003cp\u003eA SQL/JSON query returned more than one item where the operation requires one. Fixed JSON_QUERY/JSON_VALUE paths report single-item or single-scalar requirements and may hint to use WITH WRAPPER.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"Messages","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe no-wrapper cardinality guards use these primary texts:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eOperation\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePrimary and hint\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e column without wrapper\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression for column \"%s\" must return single item when no wrapper is requested\u003c/code\u003e; HINT: \u003ccode\u003eUse the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e without a column name\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression in JSON_QUERY must return single item when no wrapper is requested\u003c/code\u003e; HINT: \u003ccode\u003eUse the WITH WRAPPER clause to wrap SQL/JSON items into an array.\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON_VALUE\u003c/code\u003e with more than one item\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eJSON path expression in JSON_VALUE must return single scalar item\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"Meaning","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe fixed JSON_QUERY path collects the complete SQL/JSON result list and counts it before applying the wrapper mode. Without a wrapper, more than one item raises 22034; unconditional or conditional \u003ccode\u003eWITH WRAPPER\u003c/code\u003e turns the sequence into an array according to its mode. JSON_VALUE uses the same code when more than one item is returned, because it requires one scalar. Exactly one non-scalar item is a separate 2203F condition, and zero items set the empty flag for ON EMPTY handling. Lax auto-unwrapping can change the result cardinality; silent or non-ERROR ON ERROR behavior can suppress an evaluation error before the cardinality guard is reported.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"Diagnosis","html":"\u003cp\u003eRecord the operation (\u003ccode\u003eJSON_QUERY\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eJSON_VALUE\u003c/code\u003e), wrapper clause, column name, and number of items produced by the path. For JSON_QUERY, use \u003ccode\u003eWITH WRAPPER\u003c/code\u003e only when an array result is intended; for JSON_VALUE, reduce the path to one scalar rather than wrapping. Distinguish multiple items (22034), one non-scalar item (2203F), and no items handled by ON EMPTY/22035. Check strict/lax and silent settings because they affect the sequence seen by this guard.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"Response","html":"\u003cp\u003eChange the path or filter to return one required item, or add the documented wrapper when the consumer expects an array. For JSON_VALUE, also ensure the one item is scalar. If the operation uses an ON ERROR behavior, keep its fallback consistent with the intended cardinality rather than treating NULL as proof that the path returned one item. If an ERROR occurred in an explicit transaction, roll back or roll back to the existing savepoint before retrying; autocommit can retry the corrected expression.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"Versions","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue records this condition from 12.0; the fixed SQL/JSON cardinality paths here are PostgreSQL 18.6. No natural runtime observation is claimed for this page.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"Related","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/22033/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e22033\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/22035/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e22035\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"Sources","html":"\u003cp\u003eJSON_QUERY wrapper and multi-item guards are \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L3880-4005\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. JSON_VALUE’s multiple-item and scalar distinction is \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/jsonpath_exec.c#L4008\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e#L4008-4070\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The structured \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003eevidence record\u003c/a\u003e retains the wrapper, cardinality, and hint roles; no natural runtime was run.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"summary":"A SQL/JSON query returned more than one item where the operation requires one. 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