{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"23001","name":"23001","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"23","condition_name":"restrict_violation","condition_names":["restrict_violation"],"content_hash":"82d680b471f861c3d7bb1204880aacc3737aa0f48d9b36c86e046ad77d855de6","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.172945+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_RESTRICT_VIOLATION"],"name_zh":"RESTRICT 约束冲突","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_RESTRICT_VIOLATION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","sqlstate":"23001","status":"active","summary_zh":"外键 RESTRICT 动作拒绝删除仍被引用的父行。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"23001","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"en","Title":"23001 — restrict_violation","Summary":"23001 is the specific RESTRICT violation condition. In the selected PostgreSQL 18.6 case, deleting a referenced parent row raised it with the child constraint and key in the diagnostic. PostgreSQL 10 reported the same tested operation through 23503, so version and server diagnostics must be recorded. A separate PostgreSQL 17.11 comparison also returned 23503 for this RESTRICT operation; it is not 23001 coverage.","BodyHTML":"\u003ch1\u003e23001 — restrict_violation\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAt a glance {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e is the specific RESTRICT violation condition. In the selected PostgreSQL 18.6 case, deleting a referenced parent row raised it with the child constraint and key in the diagnostic. PostgreSQL 10 reported the same tested operation through \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e, so version and server diagnostics must be recorded. A separate PostgreSQL 17.11 comparison also returned \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e for this RESTRICT operation; it is not 23001 coverage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeaning {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn \u003ccode\u003eON DELETE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eON UPDATE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e action checks the referencing row immediately and refuses the parent change. This differs from \u003ccode\u003eNO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e: a \u003ccode\u003eDEFERRABLE\u003c/code\u003e NO ACTION constraint can postpone its check until the relevant commit, while RESTRICT is not deferrable. The source builds a dynamic primary/detail message from the parent table, foreign-key constraint, child table, and key visibility.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecord the exact SQLSTATE and \u003ccode\u003econstraint_name\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003etable_name\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eschema_name\u003c/code\u003e, and detail. Check the child rows before changing the parent. In an explicit transaction the failed delete leaves the connection \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e is required before the repair transaction can delete the child and then the parent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChoose the action deliberately: remove or reassign dependent rows, change the parent operation, or redesign the FK action after reviewing its integrity meaning. Do not turn RESTRICT into a deferred NO ACTION merely to make a migration pass. The selected repair deletes the dependent row in a new \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e sequence and then deletes the parent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObserved diagnostics {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e18.6 (Homebrew) / latest\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\n\u003ccode\u003e10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\n\u003ccode\u003e17.11 (pg17) / boundary\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e; final counts \u003ccode\u003e[0, 0]\u003c/code\u003e. This boundary case is not 23001 coverage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRepresentative case {#case}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe runner reads these statements from \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/23001/snippets.json\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8\u003c/code\u003e) and qualifies the temporary table names; the complete setup, assertions, and cleanup are in the \u003ca href=\"#cases\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecase export\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SQLSTATE, diagnostic, transaction-state, and repair assertions for this excerpt are produced from the shared registry; \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003estructured evidence\u003c/a\u003e · \u003ca href=\"#cases\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ecase export\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthored evidence IDs: \u003ccode\u003eidentity\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erestrict-path\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eno-action-boundary\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime.pg17-boundary\u003c/code\u003e. Selected base runtime records: \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10\u003c/code\u003e. Separate boundary record: \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVersions {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue observes the condition by \u003ccode\u003e7.4\u003c/code\u003e and in all listed formal snapshots. The selected base cases observe \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e on 18.6 and \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e on 10.21 for the same RESTRICT delete. A separate PG17.11 boundary comparison also returned \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e, with the same \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e recovery; it is retained as a comparison and does not establish a universal result for every PostgreSQL 11–17 minor release.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompare \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23503 foreign-key violation\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23505 unique violation\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23514/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23514 CHECK violation\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSources {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri_triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ea3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl-constraints.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ece1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7\u003c/code\u003e) · \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eofficial documentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","ContentHash":"741e9b05569527944a75a2ea7aa65c30a6870fd2b39e1c2e3bb7e8ba1f0b951a","Payload":{"body_md":"# 23001 — restrict_violation\n\n## At a glance {#at-a-glance}\n\n`23001` is the specific RESTRICT violation condition. In the selected PostgreSQL 18.6 case, deleting a referenced parent row raised it with the child constraint and key in the diagnostic. PostgreSQL 10 reported the same tested operation through `23503`, so version and server diagnostics must be recorded. A separate PostgreSQL 17.11 comparison also returned `23503` for this RESTRICT operation; it is not 23001 coverage.\n\n\n## Meaning {#meaning}\n\nAn `ON DELETE RESTRICT` or `ON UPDATE RESTRICT` action checks the referencing row immediately and refuses the parent change. This differs from `NO ACTION`: a `DEFERRABLE` NO ACTION constraint can postpone its check until the relevant commit, while RESTRICT is not deferrable. The source builds a dynamic primary/detail message from the parent table, foreign-key constraint, child table, and key visibility.\n\n## Diagnosis {#diagnosis}\n\nRecord the exact SQLSTATE and `constraint_name`, `table_name`, `schema_name`, and detail. Check the child rows before changing the parent. In an explicit transaction the failed delete leaves the connection `INERROR`; `ROLLBACK` is required before the repair transaction can delete the child and then the parent.\n\n## Response {#response}\n\nChoose the action deliberately: remove or reassign dependent rows, change the parent operation, or redesign the FK action after reviewing its integrity meaning. Do not turn RESTRICT into a deferred NO ACTION merely to make a migration pass. The selected repair deletes the dependent row in a new `BEGIN`/`COMMIT` sequence and then deletes the parent.\n\n## Observed diagnostics {#messages}\n\n`18.6 (Homebrew) / latest`:SQLSTATE `23001`; primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`; DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is referenced from table \"children\".`; after_error `INERROR`; after_rollback `IDLE`.\n`10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10`:SQLSTATE `23503`; primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`; DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".`; after_error `INERROR`; after_rollback `IDLE`.\n`17.11 (pg17) / boundary`:SQLSTATE `23503`; primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`; DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".`; after_error `INERROR`; after_rollback `IDLE`; final counts `[0, 0]`. This boundary case is not 23001 coverage.\n\n## Representative case {#case}\n\nThe runner reads these statements from `verify/cases/23001/snippets.json` (SHA-256 `6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8`) and qualifies the temporary table names; the complete setup, assertions, and cleanup are in the [case export](#cases).\n\n```sql\n-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n```\n\nThe SQLSTATE, diagnostic, transaction-state, and repair assertions for this excerpt are produced from the shared registry; [structured evidence](#sources) · [case export](#cases).\n\nAuthored evidence IDs: `identity`, `restrict-path`, `no-action-boundary`, `runtime`, `runtime.pg17-boundary`. Selected base runtime records: `runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest`, `runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10`. Separate boundary record: `runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17`.\n\n## Versions {#versions}\n\nThe locked catalogue observes the condition by `7.4` and in all listed formal snapshots. The selected base cases observe `23001` on 18.6 and `23503` on 10.21 for the same RESTRICT delete. A separate PG17.11 boundary comparison also returned `23503`, with the same `INERROR` to `IDLE` recovery; it is retained as a comparison and does not establish a universal result for every PostgreSQL 11–17 minor release.\n\n## Related {#related}\n\nCompare [23503 foreign-key violation](/wiki/sqlstate/23503/), [23505 unique violation](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/), and [23514 CHECK violation](/wiki/sqlstate/23514/).\n\n## Sources {#sources}\n\n- [`src.errcodes.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt) (SHA-256 `6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba`)\n- `src.calls.REL_18_6` (SHA-256 `9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf`)\n- [`src.ri_triggers.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797) (SHA-256 `a3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da`)\n- [`doc.ddl-constraints.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml) (SHA-256 `ce1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7`) · [official documentation](/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK)\n","description":"PostgreSQL SQLSTATE 23001: restrict_violation from an immediate foreign-key RESTRICT action.","is_stale":false,"name":"","sections":[{"anchor":"","heading":"","html":"\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;23001 — restrict_violation\u0026lt;/h1\u0026gt;"},{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"At a glance","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e is the specific RESTRICT violation condition. In the selected PostgreSQL 18.6 case, deleting a referenced parent row raised it with the child constraint and key in the diagnostic. PostgreSQL 10 reported the same tested operation through \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e, so version and server diagnostics must be recorded. A separate PostgreSQL 17.11 comparison also returned \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e for this RESTRICT operation; it is not 23001 coverage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"Meaning","html":"\u003cp\u003eAn \u003ccode\u003eON DELETE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eON UPDATE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e action checks the referencing row immediately and refuses the parent change. This differs from \u003ccode\u003eNO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e: a \u003ccode\u003eDEFERRABLE\u003c/code\u003e NO ACTION constraint can postpone its check until the relevant commit, while RESTRICT is not deferrable. The source builds a dynamic primary/detail message from the parent table, foreign-key constraint, child table, and key visibility.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"Diagnosis","html":"\u003cp\u003eRecord the exact SQLSTATE and \u003ccode\u003econstraint_name\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003etable_name\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eschema_name\u003c/code\u003e, and detail. Check the child rows before changing the parent. In an explicit transaction the failed delete leaves the connection \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e is required before the repair transaction can delete the child and then the parent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"Response","html":"\u003cp\u003eChoose the action deliberately: remove or reassign dependent rows, change the parent operation, or redesign the FK action after reviewing its integrity meaning. Do not turn RESTRICT into a deferred NO ACTION merely to make a migration pass. The selected repair deletes the dependent row in a new \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e sequence and then deletes the parent.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"Observed diagnostics","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e18.6 (Homebrew) / latest\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\n\u003ccode\u003e10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\n\u003ccode\u003e17.11 (pg17) / boundary\u003c/code\u003e:SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e; primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e; DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e; after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e; after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e; final counts \u003ccode\u003e[0, 0]\u003c/code\u003e. This boundary case is not 23001 coverage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"case","heading":"Representative case","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe runner reads these statements from \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/23001/snippets.json\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8\u003c/code\u003e) and qualifies the temporary table names; the complete setup, assertions, and cleanup are in the \u003ca href=\"#cases\"\u003ecase export\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003e-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe SQLSTATE, diagnostic, transaction-state, and repair assertions for this excerpt are produced from the shared registry; \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003estructured evidence\u003c/a\u003e · \u003ca href=\"#cases\"\u003ecase export\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthored evidence IDs: \u003ccode\u003eidentity\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erestrict-path\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eno-action-boundary\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime.pg17-boundary\u003c/code\u003e. Selected base runtime records: \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10\u003c/code\u003e. Separate boundary record: \u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"Versions","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue observes the condition by \u003ccode\u003e7.4\u003c/code\u003e and in all listed formal snapshots. The selected base cases observe \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e on 18.6 and \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e on 10.21 for the same RESTRICT delete. A separate PG17.11 boundary comparison also returned \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e, with the same \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e recovery; it is retained as a comparison and does not establish a universal result for every PostgreSQL 11–17 minor release.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"Related","html":"\u003cp\u003eCompare \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\"\u003e23503 foreign-key violation\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e23505 unique violation\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23514/\"\u003e23514 CHECK violation\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"Sources","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri_triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ea3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl-constraints.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ece1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7\u003c/code\u003e) · \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\"\u003eofficial documentation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"23001 is the specific RESTRICT violation condition. In the selected PostgreSQL 18.6 case, deleting a referenced parent row raised it with the child constraint and key in the diagnostic. PostgreSQL 10 reported the same tested operation through 23503, so version and server diagnostics must be recorded. A separate PostgreSQL 17.11 comparison also returned 23503 for this RESTRICT operation; it is not 23001 coverage.","title":"23001 — restrict_violation","translation_source_rev":"256f0dec54483b0eac8a03f877d095d29ba165711a86d160b1dcd0306e19cdd0"}},"RequestedLocale":"en","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"23","class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","condition_names":["restrict_violation"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1444bd6a138537cd75be88a220ee9472ac528f0cfc58758e49636d85455efe98","slug":"12"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"13":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"4a3ef8af218e5736dfde8660ba609e84233b6b3bac7e0210ff8724cf1b27b2db","slug":"13"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"14":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1c12e83304e0f4ff64c9d98ca5e3007df6756932ed19867a4fa0e0650f6c5751","slug":"14"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"15":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2161f58f6e87f6535b3b1f3d4661427bb6765f4f6b074fcc16fac97594b50599","slug":"15"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"16":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"928e705933d7c3d018ae3fba9d800b34e6325746d157339dce878473c519d100","slug":"16"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"17":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"868135520af87351e3ea1ba42656111cbd2d157d98e1fef05ea158ac5729d8b1","slug":"17"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"18":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"19":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"63fb8d1aa9f494eeab9d0f8542a2b673f7746ee41ae2689d19403cb3cc425a5c","slug":"19"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"20":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0d3f602127cd137cf343b32d5fa78f175eeb6cdcb6353b1f6f998ede6cb7b911","slug":"devel"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0177b8818643540dec7bbef1fe92b60a3961debd52a68412301647ca146c7f2d","slug":"8.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d65bf7cff5958c304352c974e477183e21efe9bd68e03786001874653bf66963","slug":"8.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"118059002973cdec5466ed3cabe7c9370b4c93d8ab542b8661d0eeb50cf6950d","slug":"8.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d63b10001be0581484022e33b78124a36bb3bd68d3ebe022cd7dfb375233432f","slug":"8.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.0":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"658fc09c4c10eed7ac7dea4ed3e3eff8cc5791eb5af26b7b4a31b0f863b316db","slug":"9.0"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2d118b06c3b644c28b3ddefe9e4bef99a180321582209332372a5318f5bf8d1c","slug":"9.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2a37575b39c858d37c58fc4de6a16109554fd3306602294180d78faa1170d2cd","slug":"9.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2214b6869d764f7fba7221aefcdf1ab049b55ad51d63aa52054f3cd2c2533ae9","slug":"9.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"7243e2d653befe88733222ede67958f0c4b7fae967b58eb97807aeb3f32b4096","slug":"9.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.5":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d40bc67cb331f1e4ccc0821ff57832c6c230edb0dce3ba4249defd21ae7ea29d","slug":"9.5"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.6":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2ab55e487571c8998ec39b3d1bbae29ac6fc5c310875bee422d9a7b8b3fde5b3","slug":"9.6"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"}},"history_boundary":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_tag_count":351,"gaps":[{"after":"18.6","before":"18.4","reason":"Non-adjacent release tags or a source gap; no removal is inferred."}],"latest_observed":"18.6","pre_range":{"first_observed":"7.4","known_lower_bound":"7.4 or earlier","last_observed":"8.4.22","notes":"Observed in the locked pre-9 formal release source; the label is a proven presence bound, not an exact introduction 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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old definition path and same-tag documentation were locked for the observed 7.4..8.4 tags; this is a definition presence bound, not a runtime path or precise introducing commit.","scope":"pre9-definition-history","status":"definition_only"}]},"Evidence":[{"Kind":"cases","Ordinal":0,"ID":"restrict_delete_referenced_parent","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"assertions":["SQLSTATE is 23001","The RESTRICT constraint and referencing table are identified","Deleting the child first permits an explicit parent repair"],"case_id":"restrict_delete_referenced_parent","cleanup":"Drop the case schema with an owner connection.","has_snippet":true,"position":0,"preconditions":["A child row references a parent through ON DELETE RESTRICT","The parent delete is attempted while the child remains"],"repair":"Resolve the dependent row according to business rules, then delete or retain the parent; changing RESTRICT to another action is a schema decision, not an error fix.","trigger":"Delete the referenced parent row.","versions":["18"]}},{"Kind":"claims","Ordinal":0,"ID":"identity","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"claim_id":"identity","limits":"The code is narrower than the general foreign-key violation code 23503.","method":"Read the condition definition and macro.","position":0,"runtime":[],"sources":["src.errcodes.18.6"],"statement":"23001 is restrict_violation, a specific Class 23 condition."}},{"Kind":"claims","Ordinal":1,"ID":"restrict-path","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"claim_id":"restrict-path","limits":"The exact DETAIL depends on privileges and key values; do not treat one rendered DETAIL as a static format string.","method":"Trace the fixed ri_ReportViolation call and compare the documented action timing.","position":1,"runtime":[],"sources":["src.ri_triggers.18.6","src.calls.REL_18_6","doc.ddl-constraints.18.6"],"statement":"The RI trigger reports 23001 when an immediate ON DELETE or ON UPDATE RESTRICT action finds a referencing 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