{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"28000","name":"28000","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"28","condition_name":"invalid_authorization_specification","condition_names":["invalid_authorization_specification"],"content_hash":"2794c5551420a12beddf2b37c82f2081b83e3854c759bdba94745287206529d9","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.317717+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_INVALID_AUTHORIZATION_SPECIFICATION"],"name_zh":"授权规范无效","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_INVALID_AUTHORIZATION_SPECIFICATION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:a1e418fbcef0403e5100a522a964dd0b468237e1eb0935dffafc1a1b1926c8fb","sqlstate":"28000","status":"active","summary_zh":"授权规范无效，如登录角色不存在或 HBA 拒绝。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"28000","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"28000","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:a1e418fbcef0403e5100a522a964dd0b468237e1eb0935dffafc1a1b1926c8fb","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Invalid Authorization Specification","condition_name":"invalid_authorization_specification","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"28000"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"28000","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"en","Title":"28000 — invalid_authorization_specification","Summary":"SQLSTATE 28000 is invalid_authorization_specification in Class 28. 28000 is the authorization-specification class for rejected startup or authorization context. The selected missing-role startup path sends C=28000, S=FATAL, and role \"\u003cgenerated\u003e\" does not exist before a session is established; other fixed authentication paths use this class for concrete certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN eligibility failures.","BodyHTML":"\u003ch1\u003e28000\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAt a glance {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e is \u003cstrong\u003einvalid_authorization_specification\u003c/strong\u003e in Class \u003ccode\u003e28\u003c/code\u003e. \u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e is the authorization-specification class for rejected startup or authorization context. The selected missing-role startup path sends C=\u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e, S=\u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003erole \u0026#34;\u0026lt;generated\u0026gt;\u0026#34; does not exist\u003c/code\u003e before a session is established; other fixed authentication paths use this class for concrete certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN eligibility failures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeaning {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis class covers authorization context rejected while a connection is being established or authenticated. The selected branch is the startup role lookup: the server cannot create a session for the requested role and sends a FATAL ErrorResponse. Certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN-eligibility paths remain separate producers under the same class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected role lookup happens before a backend can enter a normal session. That explains both the \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e severity and the absence of session-level transaction state. Do not merge it with 28P01 (password authentication failure), 42501 (permission denied after a session exists), or 3D000 (database selection); the startup phase and the server fields identify which branch you are looking at.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStartup branch guide {#scenarios}\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e| What to inspect | Selected missing-role branch | Other Class 28 possibilities |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Server field | \u003ccode\u003eC=28000\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eS=FATAL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eM=role \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; does not exist\u003c/code\u003e | Preserve the server\u0026#39;s own code and primary; class membership alone is not enough. |\n| Session state | No usable session and no transaction exists on the failed attempt | A later authorization check may occur after a session exists and has a different recovery boundary. |\n| Repair | Create/rename the role as intended, or correct the startup user, then connect afresh | Correct the certificate, \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e, LOGIN attribute, or mapping named by the actual diagnostic. |\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse the server ErrorResponse or authentication log as SQLSTATE authority and classify the phase: role lookup, pg_hba rule, certificate, or LOGIN permission. The selected \u003ccode\u003ecollector\u003c/code\u003e is a raw server ErrorResponse record, not csvlog/jsonlog; raw startup and psycopg are separate attempts. In the selected runs psycopg reports driver SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e, the failed connection has no transaction, and two independent fresh known-role probes can still run \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e; this is not a collector correlation claim.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a missing role, compare the requested startup user with the role catalog from a separate administrative session and check for quoting or case-folding differences. Preserve the raw \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eS\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eM\u003c/code\u003e fields: psycopg\u0026#39;s \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e is a property of its independent failed startup attempt, not evidence that the server omitted SQLSTATE. A fresh probe must use a separate connection and cannot turn the failed attempt into a transaction that can be rolled back.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrect the role, LOGIN/mapping, certificate, or pg_hba rule identified by the server, then establish a fresh connection. There is no failed session on which to issue \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e; do not infer 28000 from a client exception without its server field, and do not replay non-idempotent startup work blindly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter a role or authentication change, reconnect with the exact intended user and database and verify the resulting identity from the new session. If the application had already sent work on another connection, reconcile that work separately; the pre-session \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e itself does not establish a business transaction to retry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eObserved diagnostics {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected startup role branch emits \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e with primary \u003ccode\u003erole \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; does not exist\u003c/code\u003e; the role name is dynamic. Other authorization failures in Class 28 can use different primary text. Treat the server ErrorResponse as authoritative because the client never receives a usable session SQLSTATE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected server record is \u003ccode\u003erole \u0026#34;u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\u0026#34; does not exist\u003c/code\u003e; the generated role name is run-specific. The raw ErrorResponse and the psycopg \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e belong to separate startup attempts, so they must not be combined as if they were two views of one session.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRepresentative case {#case}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe registry contains the probe used after the startup ErrorResponse. The trigger uses a generated role on a fresh startup connection, so no SQL statement can reproduce that pre-session failure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected 18.6 server ErrorResponse is C=\u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e, S=\u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erole \u0026#34;u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\u0026#34; does not exist\u003c/code\u003e. The driver startup diagnostic has SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e; the failed connection has no transaction, while the known-good probe returned \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe downloadable case and evidence projections are \u003ca href=\"#cases\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28000 case JSON\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauthored evidence\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The runner manifest is \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/28000/cases.json\u003c/code\u003e; the page SQL is checked against its shared registry before publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVersions {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe generated facts table records the locked catalogue snapshots and earliest observed definition. The selected natural runtime scope is PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21; this does not infer behavior for every intermediate release.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/0P000/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e0P000\u003c/code\u003e — invalid_role_specification\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/28P01/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e — related condition\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/3D000/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e3D000\u003c/code\u003e — invalid_catalog_name\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSources {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.miscinit-missing-role.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c\u003c/code\u003e at \u003ccode\u003eREL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e; fixed blob SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e54bdb859c143a6c70d86067ccf2e124f59aa0852e5705bb653652e41a60af39a\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L802-L804\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.miscinit-missing-role.10.23\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c\u003c/code\u003e at \u003ccode\u003eREL_10_23\u003c/code\u003e commit \u003ccode\u003e02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4\u003c/code\u003e; fixed blob SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ec4d2e234f96644d43aad9e9a6728df693e7f75175f05a550701413ceee70fb82\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L516-L518\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003esource\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_10_23\u003c/code\u003e — fixed local call scans, SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003e00d16d3eb01b71ccf1b245c8f3102f9d0ec9f36fb02777b8dd1b99fcb263040c\u003c/code\u003e; these scans preserve the resolved call context used by the claims.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:a1e418fbcef0403e5100a522a964dd0b468237e1eb0935dffafc1a1b1926c8fb","ContentHash":"aa3bf6bd24590914003452a5e9985afb7c7355d616a64c11f099472979d9da1b","Payload":{"body_md":"# 28000\n\n## At a glance {#at-a-glance}\n\nSQLSTATE `28000` is **invalid_authorization_specification** in Class `28`. `28000` is the authorization-specification class for rejected startup or authorization context. The selected missing-role startup path sends C=`28000`, S=`FATAL`, and `role \"\u003cgenerated\u003e\" does not exist` before a session is established; other fixed authentication paths use this class for concrete certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN eligibility failures.\n\n\n## Meaning {#meaning}\n\nThis class covers authorization context rejected while a connection is being established or authenticated. The selected branch is the startup role lookup: the server cannot create a session for the requested role and sends a FATAL ErrorResponse. Certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN-eligibility paths remain separate producers under the same class.\n\nThe selected role lookup happens before a backend can enter a normal session. That explains both the `FATAL` severity and the absence of session-level transaction state. Do not merge it with 28P01 (password authentication failure), 42501 (permission denied after a session exists), or 3D000 (database selection); the startup phase and the server fields identify which branch you are looking at.\n\n### Startup branch guide {#scenarios}\n\n| What to inspect | Selected missing-role branch | Other Class 28 possibilities |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Server field | `C=28000`, `S=FATAL`, `M=role \"%s\" does not exist` | Preserve the server's own code and primary; class membership alone is not enough. |\n| Session state | No usable session and no transaction exists on the failed attempt | A later authorization check may occur after a session exists and has a different recovery boundary. |\n| Repair | Create/rename the role as intended, or correct the startup user, then connect afresh | Correct the certificate, `pg_hba.conf`, LOGIN attribute, or mapping named by the actual diagnostic. |\n\n## Diagnosis {#diagnosis}\n\nUse the server ErrorResponse or authentication log as SQLSTATE authority and classify the phase: role lookup, pg_hba rule, certificate, or LOGIN permission. The selected `collector` is a raw server ErrorResponse record, not csvlog/jsonlog; raw startup and psycopg are separate attempts. In the selected runs psycopg reports driver SQLSTATE `null`, the failed connection has no transaction, and two independent fresh known-role probes can still run `SELECT 1`; this is not a collector correlation claim.\n\nFor a missing role, compare the requested startup user with the role catalog from a separate administrative session and check for quoting or case-folding differences. Preserve the raw `C`, `S`, and `M` fields: psycopg's `null` is a property of its independent failed startup attempt, not evidence that the server omitted SQLSTATE. A fresh probe must use a separate connection and cannot turn the failed attempt into a transaction that can be rolled back.\n\n## Response {#response}\n\nCorrect the role, LOGIN/mapping, certificate, or pg_hba rule identified by the server, then establish a fresh connection. There is no failed session on which to issue `ROLLBACK`; do not infer 28000 from a client exception without its server field, and do not replay non-idempotent startup work blindly.\n\nAfter a role or authentication change, reconnect with the exact intended user and database and verify the resulting identity from the new session. If the application had already sent work on another connection, reconcile that work separately; the pre-session `FATAL` itself does not establish a business transaction to retry.\n\n## Observed diagnostics {#messages}\n\nThe selected startup role branch emits `FATAL` with primary `role \"%s\" does not exist`; the role name is dynamic. Other authorization failures in Class 28 can use different primary text. Treat the server ErrorResponse as authoritative because the client never receives a usable session SQLSTATE.\n\nThe selected server record is `role \"u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\" does not exist`; the generated role name is run-specific. The raw ErrorResponse and the psycopg `null` belong to separate startup attempts, so they must not be combined as if they were two views of one session.\n\n## Representative case {#case}\n\n\nThe registry contains the probe used after the startup ErrorResponse. The trigger uses a generated role on a fresh startup connection, so no SQL statement can reproduce that pre-session failure.\n\n```sql\nSELECT 1;\n```\n\n\nThe selected 18.6 server ErrorResponse is C=`28000`, S=`FATAL`, `role \"u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\" does not exist`. The driver startup diagnostic has SQLSTATE `null`; the failed connection has no transaction, while the known-good probe returned `1` and `IDLE`.\n\nThe downloadable case and evidence projections are [`28000 case JSON`](#cases) and [`authored evidence`](#sources). The runner manifest is `verify/cases/28000/cases.json`; the page SQL is checked against its shared registry before publication.\n\n## Versions {#versions}\n\nThe generated facts table records the locked catalogue snapshots and earliest observed definition. The selected natural runtime scope is PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21; this does not infer behavior for every intermediate release.\n\n## Related {#related}\n\n- [`0P000` — invalid_role_specification](/wiki/sqlstate/0P000/)\n- [`28P01` — related condition](/wiki/sqlstate/28P01/)\n- [`3D000` — invalid_catalog_name](/wiki/sqlstate/3D000/)\n\n## Sources {#sources}\n\n- `src.miscinit-missing-role.18.6` — `src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c` at `REL_18_6` commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`; fixed blob SHA-256 `54bdb859c143a6c70d86067ccf2e124f59aa0852e5705bb653652e41a60af39a` ([source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L802-L804)).\n- `src.miscinit-missing-role.10.23` — `src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c` at `REL_10_23` commit `02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4`; fixed blob SHA-256 `c4d2e234f96644d43aad9e9a6728df693e7f75175f05a550701413ceee70fb82` ([source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L516-L518)).\n- `src.calls.REL_18_6` / `src.calls.REL_10_23` — fixed local call scans, SHA-256 `9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf` / `00d16d3eb01b71ccf1b245c8f3102f9d0ec9f36fb02777b8dd1b99fcb263040c`; these scans preserve the resolved call context used by the claims.\n","description":"PostgreSQL SQLSTATE 28000: invalid_authorization_specification, source-backed diagnosis and recovery guidance.","is_stale":false,"name":"","sections":[{"anchor":"","heading":"","html":"\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;28000\u0026lt;/h1\u0026gt;"},{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"At a glance","html":"\u003cp\u003eSQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e is \u003cstrong\u003einvalid_authorization_specification\u003c/strong\u003e in Class \u003ccode\u003e28\u003c/code\u003e. \u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e is the authorization-specification class for rejected startup or authorization context. The selected missing-role startup path sends C=\u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e, S=\u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003erole \"\u0026lt;generated\u0026gt;\" does not exist\u003c/code\u003e before a session is established; other fixed authentication paths use this class for concrete certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN eligibility failures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"Meaning","html":"\u003cp\u003eThis class covers authorization context rejected while a connection is being established or authenticated. The selected branch is the startup role lookup: the server cannot create a session for the requested role and sends a FATAL ErrorResponse. Certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN-eligibility paths remain separate producers under the same class.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected role lookup happens before a backend can enter a normal session. That explains both the \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e severity and the absence of session-level transaction state. Do not merge it with 28P01 (password authentication failure), 42501 (permission denied after a session exists), or 3D000 (database selection); the startup phase and the server fields identify which branch you are looking at.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 id=\"scenarios\"\u003eStartup branch guide\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWhat to inspect\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSelected missing-role branch\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eOther Class 28 possibilities\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eServer field\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003eC=28000\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eS=FATAL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eM=role \"%s\" does not exist\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePreserve the server's own code and primary; class membership alone is not enough.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSession state\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo usable session and no transaction exists on the failed attempt\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eA later authorization check may occur after a session exists and has a different recovery boundary.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRepair\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCreate/rename the role as intended, or correct the startup user, then connect afresh\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCorrect the certificate, \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e, LOGIN attribute, or mapping named by the actual diagnostic.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"Diagnosis","html":"\u003cp\u003eUse the server ErrorResponse or authentication log as SQLSTATE authority and classify the phase: role lookup, pg_hba rule, certificate, or LOGIN permission. The selected \u003ccode\u003ecollector\u003c/code\u003e is a raw server ErrorResponse record, not csvlog/jsonlog; raw startup and psycopg are separate attempts. In the selected runs psycopg reports driver SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e, the failed connection has no transaction, and two independent fresh known-role probes can still run \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e; this is not a collector correlation claim.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a missing role, compare the requested startup user with the role catalog from a separate administrative session and check for quoting or case-folding differences. Preserve the raw \u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eS\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003eM\u003c/code\u003e fields: psycopg's \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e is a property of its independent failed startup attempt, not evidence that the server omitted SQLSTATE. A fresh probe must use a separate connection and cannot turn the failed attempt into a transaction that can be rolled back.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"Response","html":"\u003cp\u003eCorrect the role, LOGIN/mapping, certificate, or pg_hba rule identified by the server, then establish a fresh connection. There is no failed session on which to issue \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e; do not infer 28000 from a client exception without its server field, and do not replay non-idempotent startup work blindly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter a role or authentication change, reconnect with the exact intended user and database and verify the resulting identity from the new session. If the application had already sent work on another connection, reconcile that work separately; the pre-session \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e itself does not establish a business transaction to retry.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"Observed diagnostics","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe selected startup role branch emits \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e with primary \u003ccode\u003erole \"%s\" does not exist\u003c/code\u003e; the role name is dynamic. Other authorization failures in Class 28 can use different primary text. Treat the server ErrorResponse as authoritative because the client never receives a usable session SQLSTATE.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected server record is \u003ccode\u003erole \"u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\" does not exist\u003c/code\u003e; the generated role name is run-specific. The raw ErrorResponse and the psycopg \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e belong to separate startup attempts, so they must not be combined as if they were two views of one session.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"case","heading":"Representative case","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe registry contains the probe used after the startup ErrorResponse. The trigger uses a generated role on a fresh startup connection, so no SQL statement can reproduce that pre-session failure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe selected 18.6 server ErrorResponse is C=\u003ccode\u003e28000\u003c/code\u003e, S=\u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003erole \"u28000_missing_fbc912bb7e6f\" does not exist\u003c/code\u003e. The driver startup diagnostic has SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003enull\u003c/code\u003e; the failed connection has no transaction, while the known-good probe returned \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe downloadable case and evidence projections are \u003ca href=\"#cases\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28000 case JSON\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauthored evidence\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e. The runner manifest is \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/28000/cases.json\u003c/code\u003e; the page SQL is checked against its shared registry before publication.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"Versions","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe generated facts table records the locked catalogue snapshots and earliest observed definition. The selected natural runtime scope is PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21; this does not infer behavior for every intermediate release.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"Related","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/0P000/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e0P000\u003c/code\u003e — invalid_role_specification\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/28P01/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e — related condition\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/3D000/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e3D000\u003c/code\u003e — invalid_catalog_name\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"Sources","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.miscinit-missing-role.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c\u003c/code\u003e at \u003ccode\u003eREL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e; fixed blob SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e54bdb859c143a6c70d86067ccf2e124f59aa0852e5705bb653652e41a60af39a\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L802-L804\"\u003esource\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.miscinit-missing-role.10.23\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c\u003c/code\u003e at \u003ccode\u003eREL_10_23\u003c/code\u003e commit \u003ccode\u003e02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4\u003c/code\u003e; fixed blob SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ec4d2e234f96644d43aad9e9a6728df693e7f75175f05a550701413ceee70fb82\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4/src/backend/utils/init/miscinit.c#L516-L518\"\u003esource\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_10_23\u003c/code\u003e — fixed local call scans, SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e / \u003ccode\u003e00d16d3eb01b71ccf1b245c8f3102f9d0ec9f36fb02777b8dd1b99fcb263040c\u003c/code\u003e; these scans preserve the resolved call context used by the claims.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"SQLSTATE 28000 is invalid_authorization_specification in Class 28. 28000 is the authorization-specification class for rejected startup or authorization context. The selected missing-role startup path sends C=28000, S=FATAL, and role \"\u003cgenerated\u003e\" does not exist before a session is established; other fixed authentication paths use this class for concrete certificate, pg_hba, and LOGIN eligibility failures.","title":"28000 — invalid_authorization_specification","translation_source_rev":"8d8b04990634ca0ab04285dff53bb59b53ab93017b62a24a2df250b1ecab4b89"}},"RequestedLocale":"en","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"28","class_name":"Invalid Authorization Specification","condition_name":"invalid_authorization_specification","condition_names":["invalid_authorization_specification"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Invalid Authorization Specification","condition_name":"invalid_authorization_specification","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"28000"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Invalid Authorization Specification","condition_name":"invalid_authorization_specification","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"28000"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Invalid 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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