{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"40001","name":"40001","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"40","condition_name":"serialization_failure","condition_names":["serialization_failure"],"content_hash":"46df6e73714221bec36229d4530a1701ffb197cd1cfc8d066a440bc3c15b5ba8","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.479294+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE"],"name_zh":"序列化失败","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","sqlstate":"40001","status":"active","summary_zh":"并发事务无法串行化，需回滚后重试。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"40001","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"en","Title":"40001 — serialization_failure","Summary":"40001 is PostgreSQL's serializationfailure condition in Class 40, transactionrollback. It tells the client that the transaction's observed ordering cannot be serialized with a concurrent transaction. PostgreSQL aborts the conflicting transaction so the client can retry.","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003eAt a glance {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e is PostgreSQL\u0026#39;s \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e condition in Class 40, \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e. It tells the client that the transaction\u0026#39;s observed ordering cannot be serialized with a concurrent transaction. PostgreSQL aborts the conflicting transaction so the client can retry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe representative case starts two \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e transactions that read the same value. The first updates and commits. The stale transaction then receives \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e, enters \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e, and returns to \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e only after \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e. A new serializable transaction reads the committed value, applies the registry\u0026#39;s fixed \u003ccode\u003eSET value = 2\u003c/code\u003e operation, commits, and produces the final result; this is a transaction-boundary proof, not a test of an application business calculation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRun \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and isolated PostgreSQL 10.21. The per-target assertions and structured observations are retained in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeaning and trigger paths {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e isolation PostgreSQL uses predicate and tuple-conflict tracking to reject a transaction when its result would depend on an order that cannot be made serial. A concurrent update of a row read by a stale transaction is one concrete path. The SQLSTATE describes the transaction outcome; it does not identify the business operation that should be retried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe executor\u0026#39;s update path reports \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e with the source message \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e. Other serialization conflicts can use a different message or a recovery-conflict detail while retaining the class\u0026#39;s transaction-rollback meaning. Preserve the complete diagnostic and the transaction\u0026#39;s read/write set in application logs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e differs from \u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e: a duplicate requested by the user is not automatically a serialization failure, even though some concurrent key-selection designs can surface a unique violation that the application treats as retryable. Decide the retry policy from the operation\u0026#39;s semantics and the complete transaction history.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMessages and diagnostics {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe case schedule below must use two sessions for the two initial snapshots. The final block is a new connection and a new serializable snapshot; it is the required complete retry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- Open both serializable snapshots before the first commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- Session first reads 0; session stale reads the same 0.\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- Session first writes 1 and commits; the stale session then writes from its old snapshot.\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- The UPDATE reports 40001 and the transaction becomes INERROR.\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- New retry transaction: read the fresh value, apply the operation, and commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 returned:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u0026lt;none\u0026gt;\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 produced the same primary message with its version-specific \u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e line. \u003ccode\u003emessage_detail\u003c/code\u003e is absent in this path; other conflict origins may attach additional fields. The SQLSTATE and the aborted transaction state are the stable retry signals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCapture SQLSTATE, severity, primary message, detail, hint, context, isolation level, the statements that formed the snapshot, and transaction status. Determine which transaction committed first and which reads became stale. The runner asserted both initial reads were \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e, the first commit returned \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e, and the stale transaction was \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e before rollback.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not issue a follow-up query on the failed transaction. Roll it back, start a new transaction, and repeat the complete read/decision/write sequence. Replaying only the last \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e can apply a decision based on a snapshot that is no longer valid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse and repair {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTreat \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e as a transaction retry signal when the operation is designed for it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoll back the entire failed transaction and release its locks.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBegin a new transaction at the required isolation level and re-read all values used by the business decision.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApply the operation again, with a bounded backoff and a maximum retry count.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMake the operation idempotent and verify the final business result after commit.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe representative retry read \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e, wrote \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e, committed with status \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e, and a separate read observed final value \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e. A fixed assignment in this disposable case does not prove that an arbitrary production calculation is safe to replay; the application must recompute from the fresh snapshot.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVersions and boundaries {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe catalogue has a definition-presence observation for \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e at PostgreSQL 7.4 and through the locked 8.4.22 pre-9.0 definitions, then in every listed formal snapshot through PostgreSQL 18.6 and the PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 preview. This is a definition-only presence boundary, not an exact implementation introduction or runtime-use claim. The class title observation between 9.0 and 9.1 is recorded in the catalogue; the condition has no other recorded definition change in the scanned range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stale-update case passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21. Message source lines and conflict details vary by release and conflict type. This evidence covers a stale serializable update and its fresh complete retry; it does not claim that every \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e source path has the same message or that every transaction can be retried safely.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e also aborts a transaction and can require a complete retry, but its trigger is a lock cycle. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is a distinct integrity condition and is not automatically retryable. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e can be a permanent data relationship error. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is the follow-on state before a failed transaction is rolled back.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSources {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStructured evidence is recorded in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e. Source records use PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e; run records retain exact target IDs and structured observations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.nodeModifyTable.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSerialization failure handling\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime: \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e on latest and pg10; structured observations are in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","ContentHash":"3cec614acd9f2d608d1867f7b59b88f1ed946acc3faad77c9e0348412908e094","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## At a glance {#at-a-glance}\n\n`40001` is PostgreSQL's `serialization_failure` condition in Class 40, `transaction_rollback`. It tells the client that the transaction's observed ordering cannot be serialized with a concurrent transaction. PostgreSQL aborts the conflicting transaction so the client can retry.\n\nThe representative case starts two `SERIALIZABLE` transactions that read the same value. The first updates and commits. The stale transaction then receives `could not serialize access due to concurrent update`, enters `INERROR`, and returns to `IDLE` only after `ROLLBACK`. A new serializable transaction reads the committed value, applies the registry's fixed `SET value = 2` operation, commits, and produces the final result; this is a transaction-boundary proof, not a test of an application business calculation.\n\nRun `40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909` passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and isolated PostgreSQL 10.21. The per-target assertions and structured observations are retained in the [public evidence JSON](#sources).\n\n\n## Meaning and trigger paths {#meaning}\n\nAt `SERIALIZABLE` isolation PostgreSQL uses predicate and tuple-conflict tracking to reject a transaction when its result would depend on an order that cannot be made serial. A concurrent update of a row read by a stale transaction is one concrete path. The SQLSTATE describes the transaction outcome; it does not identify the business operation that should be retried.\n\nThe executor's update path reports `ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE` with the source message `could not serialize access due to concurrent update`. Other serialization conflicts can use a different message or a recovery-conflict detail while retaining the class's transaction-rollback meaning. Preserve the complete diagnostic and the transaction's read/write set in application logs.\n\n`40001` differs from `23505`: a duplicate requested by the user is not automatically a serialization failure, even though some concurrent key-selection designs can surface a unique violation that the application treats as retryable. Decide the retry policy from the operation's semantics and the complete transaction history.\n\n## Messages and diagnostics {#messages}\n\nThe case schedule below must use two sessions for the two initial snapshots. The final block is a new connection and a new serializable snapshot; it is the required complete retry.\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- Open both serializable snapshots before the first commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- Session first reads 0; session stale reads the same 0.\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- Session first writes 1 and commits; the stale session then writes from its old snapshot.\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- The UPDATE reports 40001 and the transaction becomes INERROR.\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- New retry transaction: read the fresh value, apply the operation, and commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 18.6 returned:\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u003cnone\u003e\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 10.21 produced the same primary message with its version-specific `nodeModifyTable.c` line. `message_detail` is absent in this path; other conflict origins may attach additional fields. The SQLSTATE and the aborted transaction state are the stable retry signals.\n\n## Diagnosis {#diagnosis}\n\nCapture SQLSTATE, severity, primary message, detail, hint, context, isolation level, the statements that formed the snapshot, and transaction status. Determine which transaction committed first and which reads became stale. The runner asserted both initial reads were `0`, the first commit returned `IDLE`, and the stale transaction was `INERROR` before rollback.\n\nDo not issue a follow-up query on the failed transaction. Roll it back, start a new transaction, and repeat the complete read/decision/write sequence. Replaying only the last `UPDATE` can apply a decision based on a snapshot that is no longer valid.\n\n## Response and repair {#response}\n\nTreat `40001` as a transaction retry signal when the operation is designed for it:\n\n- Roll back the entire failed transaction and release its locks.\n- Begin a new transaction at the required isolation level and re-read all values used by the business decision.\n- Apply the operation again, with a bounded backoff and a maximum retry count.\n- Make the operation idempotent and verify the final business result after commit.\n\nThe representative retry read `1`, wrote `2`, committed with status `IDLE`, and a separate read observed final value `2`. A fixed assignment in this disposable case does not prove that an arbitrary production calculation is safe to replay; the application must recompute from the fresh snapshot.\n\n## Versions and boundaries {#versions}\n\nThe catalogue has a definition-presence observation for `40001` at PostgreSQL 7.4 and through the locked 8.4.22 pre-9.0 definitions, then in every listed formal snapshot through PostgreSQL 18.6 and the PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 preview. This is a definition-only presence boundary, not an exact implementation introduction or runtime-use claim. The class title observation between 9.0 and 9.1 is recorded in the catalogue; the condition has no other recorded definition change in the scanned range.\n\nThe stale-update case passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21. Message source lines and conflict details vary by release and conflict type. This evidence covers a stale serializable update and its fresh complete retry; it does not claim that every `40001` source path has the same message or that every transaction can be retried safely.\n\n## Related {#related}\n\n[`40P01` — `deadlock_detected`](/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/) also aborts a transaction and can require a complete retry, but its trigger is a lock cycle. [`23505` — `unique_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/) is a distinct integrity condition and is not automatically retryable. [`23503` — `foreign_key_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23503/) can be a permanent data relationship error. [`25P02` — `in_failed_sql_transaction`](/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/) is the follow-on state before a failed transaction is rolled back.\n\n## Sources {#sources}\n\nStructured evidence is recorded in the [public evidence JSON](#sources). Source records use PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`; run records retain exact target IDs and structured observations.\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333)\n- `src.nodeModifyTable.18.6` — [`nodeModifyTable.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605)\n- `doc.mvcc.18` — [Serialization failure handling](/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)\n- Runtime: `40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909` on latest and pg10; structured observations are in the [public evidence JSON](#sources)\n","description":"PostgreSQL reports SQLSTATE 40001 when a serializable transaction cannot be committed consistently with a concurrent update. Roll back and retry the complete transaction from a fresh snapshot.","is_stale":false,"name":"","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"At a glance","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e is PostgreSQL's \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e condition in Class 40, \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e. It tells the client that the transaction's observed ordering cannot be serialized with a concurrent transaction. PostgreSQL aborts the conflicting transaction so the client can retry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe representative case starts two \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e transactions that read the same value. The first updates and commits. The stale transaction then receives \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e, enters \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e, and returns to \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e only after \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e. A new serializable transaction reads the committed value, applies the registry's fixed \u003ccode\u003eSET value = 2\u003c/code\u003e operation, commits, and produces the final result; this is a transaction-boundary proof, not a test of an application business calculation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRun \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and isolated PostgreSQL 10.21. The per-target assertions and structured observations are retained in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"Meaning and trigger paths","html":"\u003cp\u003eAt \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e isolation PostgreSQL uses predicate and tuple-conflict tracking to reject a transaction when its result would depend on an order that cannot be made serial. A concurrent update of a row read by a stale transaction is one concrete path. The SQLSTATE describes the transaction outcome; it does not identify the business operation that should be retried.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe executor's update path reports \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e with the source message \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e. Other serialization conflicts can use a different message or a recovery-conflict detail while retaining the class's transaction-rollback meaning. Preserve the complete diagnostic and the transaction's read/write set in application logs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e differs from \u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e: a duplicate requested by the user is not automatically a serialization failure, even though some concurrent key-selection designs can surface a unique violation that the application treats as retryable. Decide the retry policy from the operation's semantics and the complete transaction history.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"Messages and diagnostics","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe case schedule below must use two sessions for the two initial snapshots. The final block is a new connection and a new serializable snapshot; it is the required complete retry.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- Open both serializable snapshots before the first commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- Session first reads 0; session stale reads the same 0.\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- Session first writes 1 and commits; the stale session then writes from its old snapshot.\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- The UPDATE reports 40001 and the transaction becomes INERROR.\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- New retry transaction: read the fresh value, apply the operation, and commit.\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 returned:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u0026lt;none\u0026gt;\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 produced the same primary message with its version-specific \u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e line. \u003ccode\u003emessage_detail\u003c/code\u003e is absent in this path; other conflict origins may attach additional fields. The SQLSTATE and the aborted transaction state are the stable retry signals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"Diagnosis","html":"\u003cp\u003eCapture SQLSTATE, severity, primary message, detail, hint, context, isolation level, the statements that formed the snapshot, and transaction status. Determine which transaction committed first and which reads became stale. The runner asserted both initial reads were \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e, the first commit returned \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e, and the stale transaction was \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e before rollback.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDo not issue a follow-up query on the failed transaction. Roll it back, start a new transaction, and repeat the complete read/decision/write sequence. Replaying only the last \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e can apply a decision based on a snapshot that is no longer valid.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"Response and repair","html":"\u003cp\u003eTreat \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e as a transaction retry signal when the operation is designed for it:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoll back the entire failed transaction and release its locks.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBegin a new transaction at the required isolation level and re-read all values used by the business decision.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eApply the operation again, with a bounded backoff and a maximum retry count.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMake the operation idempotent and verify the final business result after commit.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe representative retry read \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e, wrote \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e, committed with status \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e, and a separate read observed final value \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e. A fixed assignment in this disposable case does not prove that an arbitrary production calculation is safe to replay; the application must recompute from the fresh snapshot.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"Versions and boundaries","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe catalogue has a definition-presence observation for \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e at PostgreSQL 7.4 and through the locked 8.4.22 pre-9.0 definitions, then in every listed formal snapshot through PostgreSQL 18.6 and the PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 preview. This is a definition-only presence boundary, not an exact implementation introduction or runtime-use claim. The class title observation between 9.0 and 9.1 is recorded in the catalogue; the condition has no other recorded definition change in the scanned range.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stale-update case passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21. Message source lines and conflict details vary by release and conflict type. This evidence covers a stale serializable update and its fresh complete retry; it does not claim that every \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e source path has the same message or that every transaction can be retried safely.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"Related","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e also aborts a transaction and can require a complete retry, but its trigger is a lock cycle. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is a distinct integrity condition and is not automatically retryable. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e can be a permanent data relationship error. \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e is the follow-on state before a failed transaction is rolled back.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"Sources","html":"\u003cp\u003eStructured evidence is recorded in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e. Source records use PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e; run records retain exact target IDs and structured observations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.nodeModifyTable.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\"\u003eSerialization failure handling\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime: \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e on latest and pg10; structured observations are in the \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003epublic evidence JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"40001 is PostgreSQL's serializationfailure condition in Class 40, transactionrollback. It tells the client that the transaction's observed ordering cannot be serialized with a concurrent transaction. PostgreSQL aborts the conflicting transaction so the client can retry.","title":"40001 — serialization_failure","translation_source_rev":"e0aa33114086ae5cfdc5ed1275427ba70ae94be49f3743b7f1e96b732054b539"}},"RequestedLocale":"en","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"40","class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","condition_names":["serialization_failure"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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