{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"42P19","name":"42P19","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":0,"class_code":"42","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","condition_names":["invalid_recursion"],"content_hash":"ebe89195a6e1451e1958f9ebadb1d54ff14a7e76949c663cce84d6ba51179098","depth":"reference","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"source_path_confirmed","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.761929+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"8.4.0","macros":["ERRCODE_INVALID_RECURSION"],"name_zh":"无效递归","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_INVALID_RECURSION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"not_run","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":0,"source_rev":"english-manuals:6c2302d81cb07ddd1765aff6e9c2eba14895eb7bcac9cd7dba76190c5984f726","sqlstate":"42P19","status":"active","summary_zh":"递归查询结构不合法，执行前被检查拒绝。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"42P19","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"42P19","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:6c2302d81cb07ddd1765aff6e9c2eba14895eb7bcac9cd7dba76190c5984f726","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"42P19","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"en","Title":"42P19 — Invalid recursion","Summary":"42P19 (invalid_recursion) Recursive query structure is checked before the recursive term can run.","BodyHTML":"\u003ch1\u003e42P19 — Invalid recursion\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAt a glance {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P19\u003c/code\u003e (\u003cstrong\u003einvalid_recursion\u003c/strong\u003e) Recursive query structure is checked before the recursive term can run.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMeaning {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecursive-query validation rejects a recursive term whose structure cannot be evaluated safely. Core 18.6 checks aggregate use in the recursive term, the required non-recursive \u003ccode\u003eUNION [ALL]\u003c/code\u003e recursive form, and recursive-reference context and multiplicity. The selected aggregate guard is about aggregates (\u003ccode\u003ep_hasAggs\u003c/code\u003e); it does not justify saying that every window function is forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDiagnosis {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRead the query shape rather than only the CTE name. Separate the anchor term from the recursive term, count references to the recursive query, and inspect whether a reference appears in a forbidden recursive context such as a subquery or the nullable side of an outer join: for \u003ccode\u003eLEFT JOIN\u003c/code\u003e that is the right side, for \u003ccode\u003eRIGHT JOIN\u003c/code\u003e the left side, and for \u003ccode\u003eFULL JOIN\u003c/code\u003e both sides; the preserved side of a one-sided outer join is not covered by that guard. Also check \u003ccode\u003eINTERSECT\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPT\u003c/code\u003e contexts. Identify actual aggregates in the recursive term; do not classify every window expression as this error. This distinguishes structural recursion errors from 42P18 type inference failures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eResponse {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRewrite the CTE into one non-recursive anchor followed by one \u003ccode\u003eUNION\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eUNION ALL\u003c/code\u003e recursive term, keep one recursive reference in an allowed context, and move aggregation outside the recursive step when needed. Validate termination and result cardinality before retrying. If this ERROR occurs inside an explicit transaction, \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK TO\u003c/code\u003e a pre-error savepoint before sending the rewritten query.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMessages {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRepresentative source messages include: message: \u003ccode\u003eaggregate functions are not allowed in a recursive query\u0026#39;s recursive term\u003c/code\u003e; message: \u003ccode\u003erecursive query \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; does not have the form non-recursive-term UNION [ALL] recursive-term\u003c/code\u003e; message: \u003ccode\u003erecursive reference to query \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; must not appear more than once\u003c/code\u003e. Placeholders are filled by the actual object, column, or parameter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eVersions {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue shows this condition by PostgreSQL 8.4.0; behavior here is fixed to PostgreSQL 18.6 source. Catalogue presence is a range boundary, not proof that every message or feature began in that release.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelated {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42P18/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P18\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42P07/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P07\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eSources {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource messages, line anchors, and evidence limits are recorded in \u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eauthored evidence\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_agg.c:1329-1333\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c#L1329-L1333\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:940-944\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L940-L944\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1072-1077\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1072-L1077\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1056-1069\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1056-L1069\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:6c2302d81cb07ddd1765aff6e9c2eba14895eb7bcac9cd7dba76190c5984f726","ContentHash":"81e98063d71b182af30d06276409985fbb889252986504453f0802ae8f45463c","Payload":{"body_md":"# 42P19 — Invalid recursion\n\n## At a glance {#at-a-glance}\n\n`42P19` (**invalid_recursion**) Recursive query structure is checked before the recursive term can run.\n\n\n## Meaning {#meaning}\n\nRecursive-query validation rejects a recursive term whose structure cannot be evaluated safely. Core 18.6 checks aggregate use in the recursive term, the required non-recursive `UNION [ALL]` recursive form, and recursive-reference context and multiplicity. The selected aggregate guard is about aggregates (`p_hasAggs`); it does not justify saying that every window function is forbidden.\n\n## Diagnosis {#diagnosis}\n\nRead the query shape rather than only the CTE name. Separate the anchor term from the recursive term, count references to the recursive query, and inspect whether a reference appears in a forbidden recursive context such as a subquery or the nullable side of an outer join: for `LEFT JOIN` that is the right side, for `RIGHT JOIN` the left side, and for `FULL JOIN` both sides; the preserved side of a one-sided outer join is not covered by that guard. Also check `INTERSECT`/`EXCEPT` contexts. Identify actual aggregates in the recursive term; do not classify every window expression as this error. This distinguishes structural recursion errors from 42P18 type inference failures.\n\n## Response {#response}\n\nRewrite the CTE into one non-recursive anchor followed by one `UNION` or `UNION ALL` recursive term, keep one recursive reference in an allowed context, and move aggregation outside the recursive step when needed. Validate termination and result cardinality before retrying. If this ERROR occurs inside an explicit transaction, `ROLLBACK` or `ROLLBACK TO` a pre-error savepoint before sending the rewritten query.\n\n## Messages {#messages}\n\nRepresentative source messages include: message: `aggregate functions are not allowed in a recursive query's recursive term`; message: `recursive query \"%s\" does not have the form non-recursive-term UNION [ALL] recursive-term`; message: `recursive reference to query \"%s\" must not appear more than once`. Placeholders are filled by the actual object, column, or parameter.\n\n## Versions {#versions}\n\nThe locked catalogue shows this condition by PostgreSQL 8.4.0; behavior here is fixed to PostgreSQL 18.6 source. Catalogue presence is a range boundary, not proof that every message or feature began in that release.\n\n## Related {#related}\n\n- [`42P18`](/wiki/sqlstate/42P18/)\n- [`42P07`](/wiki/sqlstate/42P07/)\n\n## Sources {#sources}\n\nSource messages, line anchors, and evidence limits are recorded in [authored evidence](#sources).\n\n- `src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c:1329-1333` ([fixed source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c#L1329-L1333))\n- `src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:940-944` ([fixed source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L940-L944))\n- `src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1072-1077` ([fixed source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1072-L1077))\n- `src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1056-1069` ([fixed source](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1056-L1069))\n","description":"Source-backed reference for PostgreSQL SQLSTATE 42P19.","is_stale":false,"name":"","sections":[{"anchor":"","heading":"","html":"\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;42P19 — Invalid recursion\u0026lt;/h1\u0026gt;"},{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"At a glance","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P19\u003c/code\u003e (\u003cstrong\u003einvalid_recursion\u003c/strong\u003e) Recursive query structure is checked before the recursive term can run.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"Meaning","html":"\u003cp\u003eRecursive-query validation rejects a recursive term whose structure cannot be evaluated safely. Core 18.6 checks aggregate use in the recursive term, the required non-recursive \u003ccode\u003eUNION [ALL]\u003c/code\u003e recursive form, and recursive-reference context and multiplicity. The selected aggregate guard is about aggregates (\u003ccode\u003ep_hasAggs\u003c/code\u003e); it does not justify saying that every window function is forbidden.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"Diagnosis","html":"\u003cp\u003eRead the query shape rather than only the CTE name. Separate the anchor term from the recursive term, count references to the recursive query, and inspect whether a reference appears in a forbidden recursive context such as a subquery or the nullable side of an outer join: for \u003ccode\u003eLEFT JOIN\u003c/code\u003e that is the right side, for \u003ccode\u003eRIGHT JOIN\u003c/code\u003e the left side, and for \u003ccode\u003eFULL JOIN\u003c/code\u003e both sides; the preserved side of a one-sided outer join is not covered by that guard. Also check \u003ccode\u003eINTERSECT\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPT\u003c/code\u003e contexts. Identify actual aggregates in the recursive term; do not classify every window expression as this error. This distinguishes structural recursion errors from 42P18 type inference failures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"Response","html":"\u003cp\u003eRewrite the CTE into one non-recursive anchor followed by one \u003ccode\u003eUNION\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eUNION ALL\u003c/code\u003e recursive term, keep one recursive reference in an allowed context, and move aggregation outside the recursive step when needed. Validate termination and result cardinality before retrying. If this ERROR occurs inside an explicit transaction, \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK TO\u003c/code\u003e a pre-error savepoint before sending the rewritten query.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"Messages","html":"\u003cp\u003eRepresentative source messages include: message: \u003ccode\u003eaggregate functions are not allowed in a recursive query's recursive term\u003c/code\u003e; message: \u003ccode\u003erecursive query \"%s\" does not have the form non-recursive-term UNION [ALL] recursive-term\u003c/code\u003e; message: \u003ccode\u003erecursive reference to query \"%s\" must not appear more than once\u003c/code\u003e. Placeholders are filled by the actual object, column, or parameter.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"Versions","html":"\u003cp\u003eThe locked catalogue shows this condition by PostgreSQL 8.4.0; behavior here is fixed to PostgreSQL 18.6 source. Catalogue presence is a range boundary, not proof that every message or feature began in that release.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"Related","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42P18/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P18\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42P07/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42P07\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"Sources","html":"\u003cp\u003eSource messages, line anchors, and evidence limits are recorded in \u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003eauthored evidence\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_agg.c:1329-1333\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c#L1329-L1333\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:940-944\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L940-L944\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1072-1077\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1072-L1077\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:1056-1069\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L1056-L1069\"\u003efixed source\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"42P19 (invalid_recursion) Recursive query structure is checked before the recursive term can run.","title":"42P19 — Invalid recursion","translation_source_rev":"b2a4a4ab2441eb8b6f13d7360292324ae3903b4779ba2bd72b7d621c6448437c"}},"RequestedLocale":"en","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"8.4.0","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"42","class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","condition_names":["invalid_recursion"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1444bd6a138537cd75be88a220ee9472ac528f0cfc58758e49636d85455efe98","slug":"12"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"13":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"4a3ef8af218e5736dfde8660ba609e84233b6b3bac7e0210ff8724cf1b27b2db","slug":"13"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"14":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1c12e83304e0f4ff64c9d98ca5e3007df6756932ed19867a4fa0e0650f6c5751","slug":"14"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"15":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2161f58f6e87f6535b3b1f3d4661427bb6765f4f6b074fcc16fac97594b50599","slug":"15"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"16":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"928e705933d7c3d018ae3fba9d800b34e6325746d157339dce878473c519d100","slug":"16"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"17":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"868135520af87351e3ea1ba42656111cbd2d157d98e1fef05ea158ac5729d8b1","slug":"17"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"18":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"19":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"63fb8d1aa9f494eeab9d0f8542a2b673f7746ee41ae2689d19403cb3cc425a5c","slug":"19"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"20":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation","condition_name":"invalid_recursion","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0d3f602127cd137cf343b32d5fa78f175eeb6cdcb6353b1f6f998ede6cb7b911","slug":"devel"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"42P19"},"8.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Syntax Error or Access Rule 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