{"kind": "storage", "major": "18", "item": {"slug": "storage-vm", "name": "Visibility Map", "name_zh": "", "category": "Physical structures", "summary": "Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.", "aliases": [], "content_hash": "d437137bb8fcfdb4a82465c408863dafd81704854b7bde4b6e182a103757f979", "versions": {"10": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=10", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v10.23/postgresql-10.23.tar.bz2", "label": "10.23", "major": "10", "channel": "stable", "revision": "94a4b2528372458e5662c18d406629266667c437198160a18cdfd2c4a4d6eee9"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/10/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 10 English manual", "sha256": "5ec15a66fc48ed0b83c225f2edf1cb2a2c4aaeb669c584da2215199b1e08883c"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

67.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/10/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "11": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=11", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v11.22/postgresql-11.22.tar.bz2", "label": "11.22", "major": "11", "channel": "stable", "revision": "2cb7c97d7a0d7278851bbc9c61f467b69c094c72b81740b751108e7892ebe1f0"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/11/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 11 English manual", "sha256": "33770d778927a787f912334491a9215dd162549fba2b0b3a57a399238db07f6f"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

69.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/11/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "12": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=12", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=12", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v12.22/postgresql-12.22.tar.bz2", "label": "12.22", "major": "12", "channel": "stable", "revision": "8df3c0474782589d3c6f374b5133b1bd14d168086edbc13c6e72e67dd4527a3b"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/12/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 12 English manual", "sha256": "7fd07c042febcfa5d93640af2a2af7cb1b40f55cd9d583eefa43826ddb4ef4b2"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

69.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/12/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "13": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=13", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=13", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v13.23/postgresql-13.23.tar.bz2", "label": "13.23", "major": "13", "channel": "stable", "revision": "6ec3c82726af92b7dec873fa1cdf881eca92a4219787dfad05acb6b10e041fd6"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/13/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 13 English manual", "sha256": "97ed3081308ea3b5ee3e8a7233d0785ae794a45d0113f0c326805fd4b5064778"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

69.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/13/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "14": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=14", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=14", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v14.24/postgresql-14.24.tar.bz2", "label": "14.24", "major": "14", "channel": "stable", "revision": "a7fa7ed3d558172355f51406097a7bd4f6b473be80f311ef7cda96bf383d8897"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/14/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 14 English manual", "sha256": "e5ef57e0c0e252b6aea29d1094a8c4f73755c2e43d715559c6b2bd18f6e7dcaf"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

70.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/14/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "15": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=15", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=15", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v15.19/postgresql-15.19.tar.bz2", "label": "15.19", "major": "15", "channel": "stable", "revision": "e1a64a87a46b825b88c082e4518161a47aab53c45694964f8ba1df28f7859f89"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/15/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 15 English manual", "sha256": "959bbe7dff19332835bb8c73580ad9fbfa3acf51b47613ace97eb2e95a725194"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

73.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/15/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "16": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=16", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=16", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v16.15/postgresql-16.15.tar.bz2", "label": "16.15", "major": "16", "channel": "stable", "revision": "c1575341fa7bd40f5274ea465b34390f4dc64cdd0770af327005caaeb9f6b7ed"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/16/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 16 English manual", "sha256": "28e96b85e3906ff2f5e96cfd5a6ce7aa0b328e321b2de83c9625339fd475f619"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

73.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/16/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "17": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=17", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=17", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v17.11/postgresql-17.11.tar.bz2", "label": "17.11", "major": "17", "channel": "stable", "revision": "dd27f2b3c59e73ed14aa3324901242bf69a032a6347805f274e6260322d42979"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/17/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 17 English manual", "sha256": "379eaf2c677be957ae9b4d92b7d859f6bdd433fb5c7829ff36227f35ff36f2cb"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

65.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/17/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}, "18": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=18", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=18", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v18.6/postgresql-18.6.tar.bz2", "label": "18.6", "major": "18", "channel": "stable", "revision": "555610c24d53e4316da5b7d3fc25c279d96856d5e0e23ee308c328c5fa881d9f"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/18/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 18 English manual", "sha256": "26b3512091ad6215922297afdfbf457448a1d6dee9b2df2c69ed5b25cd3df5e0"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

66.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
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\n
\n
\n
\n

66.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
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\n
\n
\n
\n

66.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
", "manual_path": "/docs/devel/storage-vm.html", "comparison_data": {"layouts": []}, "comparison_hash": "27341929154bfb55531f03501322b65af719c5561f3c4ddc9528a14aa4df69b5"}}}, "snapshot": {"facts": [{"label": "Definition scope", "value": "Same-version core physical storage documentation"}], "tables": [], "related": [{"url": "/wiki/tableam/?v=18", "label": "Table AM"}, {"url": "/wiki/relopts/?v=18", "label": "Storage Parameters"}], "release": {"ref": "https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v18.6/postgresql-18.6.tar.bz2", "label": "18.6", "major": "18", "channel": "stable", "revision": "555610c24d53e4316da5b7d3fc25c279d96856d5e0e23ee308c328c5fa881d9f"}, "sources": [{"url": "/docs/18/storage-vm.html", "path": "storage-vm.html", "label": "PostgreSQL 18 English manual", "sha256": "26b3512091ad6215922297afdfbf457448a1d6dee9b2df2c69ed5b25cd3df5e0"}], "sections": [], "signature": "", "description": ["Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm , in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs."], "manual_html": "
\n
\n
\n
\n

66.4.\u00a0Visibility Map

\n
\n
\n
\n

Each heap relation has a Visibility Map (VM) to keep track of which pages contain only tuples that are known to be visible to all active transactions; it also keeps track of which pages contain only frozen tuples. It's stored alongside the main relation data in a separate relation fork, named after the filenode number of the relation, plus a _vm suffix. For example, if the filenode of a relation is 12345, the VM is stored in a file called 12345_vm, in the same directory as the main relation file. Note that indexes do not have VMs.

\n

The visibility map stores two bits per heap page. The first bit, if set, indicates that the page is all-visible, or in other words that the page does not contain any tuples that need to be vacuumed. This information can also be used by index-only scans to answer queries using only the index tuple. The second bit, if set, means that all tuples on the page have been frozen. That means that even an anti-wraparound vacuum need not revisit the page.

\n

The map is conservative in the sense that we make sure that whenever a bit is set, we know the condition is true, but if a bit is not set, it might or might not be true. Visibility map bits are only set by vacuum, but are cleared by any data-modifying operations on a page.

\n

The pg_visibility module can be used to examine the information stored in the visibility map.

\n
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