{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"23001","name":"23001","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"23","condition_name":"restrict_violation","condition_names":["restrict_violation"],"content_hash":"82d680b471f861c3d7bb1204880aacc3737aa0f48d9b36c86e046ad77d855de6","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.172945+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_RESTRICT_VIOLATION"],"name_zh":"RESTRICT 约束冲突","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_RESTRICT_VIOLATION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","sqlstate":"23001","status":"active","summary_zh":"外键 RESTRICT 动作拒绝删除仍被引用的父行。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"23001","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突（restrict_violation）","Summary":"外键 RESTRICT 动作拒绝删除仍被引用的父行。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch1\u003e23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突\u003c/h1\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e 是立即执行的外键 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 动作导致的专用冲突。18.6 案例删除仍被引用的父行时返回该码；10.21 对同一操作返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，必须记录版本和完整诊断。另一个 PostgreSQL 17.11 对照案例对该 RESTRICT 操作也返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，不计作 23001 覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eON DELETE/UPDATE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 会立即检查引用行，且不能延迟；可延迟的 \u003ccode\u003eNO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e 则可以把检查推迟到相应提交点。源码根据父表、外键、子表和可见键值动态组装报文。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e记录精确 SQLSTATE、\u003ccode\u003econstraint_name\u003c/code\u003e、表名和 DETAIL，先检查子表。显式事务删除失败后连接为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，必须 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e，再在新的 \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 中删除子行和父行。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e按完整性语义选择删除/改派依赖行、放弃父操作或重新设计 FK 动作。不要为了迁移方便把 RESTRICT 偷换成可延迟 NO ACTION。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e实测诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e18.6 (Homebrew) / latest\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。\n\u003ccode\u003e10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。\n\u003ccode\u003e17.11 (pg17) / boundary\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_id_fkey\u0026#34; on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e；最终计数 \u003ccode\u003e[0, 0]\u003c/code\u003e。该边界案例不计作 23001 覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e代表案例 {#case}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e运行器从 \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/23001/snippets.json\u003c/code\u003e（SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8\u003c/code\u003e）读取下列片段，并为临时 schema 替换表名；完整 setup、断言与清理见 \u003ca href=\"#cases\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e案例导出\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003e-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e本案例对应的 SQLSTATE、诊断、事务状态和修复断言均来自上述共享 registry；\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e结构化证据\u003c/a\u003e · \u003ca href=\"#cases\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e案例导出\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e作者证据 ID：\u003ccode\u003eidentity\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003erestrict-path\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eno-action-boundary\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime.pg17-boundary\u003c/code\u003e。选定基础运行记录：\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10\u003c/code\u003e。单独的边界记录：\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本与边界 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e锁定目录在 \u003ccode\u003e7.4\u003c/code\u003e 已观察到该条件，并在列出的正式快照中均存在。选定基础案例在 18.6 观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e，在 10.21 对同一 RESTRICT 删除观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。另一个 PG17.11 边界对照也返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，并保持 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e 到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 的恢复边界；该记录单独保留，不能推广为所有 PostgreSQL 11–17 小版本的普遍结果。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对比 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23503 外键冲突\u003c/a\u003e、\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23505 唯一约束冲突\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23514/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e23514 CHECK 冲突\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri_triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ea3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl-constraints.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ece1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7\u003c/code\u003e) · \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e官方文档\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e","ContentHash":"7fa32ff71b1a055e998aff8b2cbd47c27db055a8d9d41eb68a5402e79807cd69","Payload":{"body_md":"# 23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突\n\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`23001` 是立即执行的外键 `RESTRICT` 动作导致的专用冲突。18.6 案例删除仍被引用的父行时返回该码；10.21 对同一操作返回 `23503`，必须记录版本和完整诊断。另一个 PostgreSQL 17.11 对照案例对该 RESTRICT 操作也返回 `23503`，不计作 23001 覆盖。\n\n\n## 含义 {#meaning}\n\n`ON DELETE/UPDATE RESTRICT` 会立即检查引用行，且不能延迟；可延迟的 `NO ACTION` 则可以把检查推迟到相应提交点。源码根据父表、外键、子表和可见键值动态组装报文。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n记录精确 SQLSTATE、`constraint_name`、表名和 DETAIL，先检查子表。显式事务删除失败后连接为 `INERROR`，必须 `ROLLBACK`，再在新的 `BEGIN`/`COMMIT` 中删除子行和父行。\n\n## 处理 {#response}\n\n按完整性语义选择删除/改派依赖行、放弃父操作或重新设计 FK 动作。不要为了迁移方便把 RESTRICT 偷换成可延迟 NO ACTION。\n\n## 实测诊断 {#messages}\n\n`18.6 (Homebrew) / latest`：SQLSTATE `23001`；primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`；DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is referenced from table \"children\".`；after_error `INERROR`；after_rollback `IDLE`。\n`10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10`：SQLSTATE `23503`；primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`；DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".`；after_error `INERROR`；after_rollback `IDLE`。\n`17.11 (pg17) / boundary`：SQLSTATE `23503`；primary `update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"`；DETAIL `Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".`；after_error `INERROR`；after_rollback `IDLE`；最终计数 `[0, 0]`。该边界案例不计作 23001 覆盖。\n\n## 代表案例 {#case}\n\n运行器从 `verify/cases/23001/snippets.json`（SHA-256 `6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8`）读取下列片段，并为临时 schema 替换表名；完整 setup、断言与清理见 [案例导出](#cases)。\n\n```sql\n-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n```\n\n本案例对应的 SQLSTATE、诊断、事务状态和修复断言均来自上述共享 registry；[结构化证据](#sources) · [案例导出](#cases)。\n\n作者证据 ID：`identity`、`restrict-path`、`no-action-boundary`、`runtime`、`runtime.pg17-boundary`。选定基础运行记录：`runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest`、`runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10`。单独的边界记录：`runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17`。\n\n## 版本与边界 {#versions}\n\n锁定目录在 `7.4` 已观察到该条件，并在列出的正式快照中均存在。选定基础案例在 18.6 观察到 `23001`，在 10.21 对同一 RESTRICT 删除观察到 `23503`。另一个 PG17.11 边界对照也返回 `23503`，并保持 `INERROR` 到 `IDLE` 的恢复边界；该记录单独保留，不能推广为所有 PostgreSQL 11–17 小版本的普遍结果。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n对比 [23503 外键冲突](/wiki/sqlstate/23503/)、[23505 唯一约束冲突](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/) 和 [23514 CHECK 冲突](/wiki/sqlstate/23514/)。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n- [`src.errcodes.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt) (SHA-256 `6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba`)\n- `src.calls.REL_18_6` (SHA-256 `9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf`)\n- [`src.ri_triggers.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797) (SHA-256 `a3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da`)\n- [`doc.ddl-constraints.18.6`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml) (SHA-256 `ce1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7`) · [官方文档](/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK)\n","description":"PostgreSQL SQLSTATE 23001：RESTRICT 约束冲突的来源与诊断参考。","is_stale":false,"name":"RESTRICT 约束冲突","sections":[{"anchor":"","heading":"","html":"\u0026lt;h1\u0026gt;23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突\u0026lt;/h1\u0026gt;"},{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e 是立即执行的外键 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 动作导致的专用冲突。18.6 案例删除仍被引用的父行时返回该码；10.21 对同一操作返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，必须记录版本和完整诊断。另一个 PostgreSQL 17.11 对照案例对该 RESTRICT 操作也返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，不计作 23001 覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eON DELETE/UPDATE RESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 会立即检查引用行，且不能延迟；可延迟的 \u003ccode\u003eNO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e 则可以把检查推迟到相应提交点。源码根据父表、外键、子表和可见键值动态组装报文。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e记录精确 SQLSTATE、\u003ccode\u003econstraint_name\u003c/code\u003e、表名和 DETAIL，先检查子表。显式事务删除失败后连接为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，必须 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e，再在新的 \u003ccode\u003eBEGIN\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 中删除子行和父行。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理","html":"\u003cp\u003e按完整性语义选择删除/改派依赖行、放弃父操作或重新设计 FK 动作。不要为了迁移方便把 RESTRICT 偷换成可延迟 NO ACTION。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"实测诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e18.6 (Homebrew) / latest\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。\n\u003ccode\u003e10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。\n\u003ccode\u003e17.11 (pg17) / boundary\u003c/code\u003e：SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e；primary \u003ccode\u003eupdate or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"\u003c/code\u003e；DETAIL \u003ccode\u003eKey (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".\u003c/code\u003e；after_error \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；after_rollback \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e；最终计数 \u003ccode\u003e[0, 0]\u003c/code\u003e。该边界案例不计作 23001 覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"case","heading":"代表案例","html":"\u003cp\u003e运行器从 \u003ccode\u003everify/cases/23001/snippets.json\u003c/code\u003e（SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8\u003c/code\u003e）读取下列片段，并为临时 schema 替换表名；完整 setup、断言与清理见 \u003ca href=\"#cases\"\u003e案例导出\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003e-- create_parent\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\n-- create_child\nCREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);\n-- seed_parent\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);\n-- seed_child\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);\n-- begin\nBEGIN;\n-- trigger\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- rollback\nROLLBACK;\n-- repair_begin\nBEGIN;\n-- repair_child\nDELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;\n-- repair_parent\nDELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;\n-- commit\nCOMMIT;\n-- verify\nSELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e本案例对应的 SQLSTATE、诊断、事务状态和修复断言均来自上述共享 registry；\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e结构化证据\u003c/a\u003e · \u003ca href=\"#cases\"\u003e案例导出\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e作者证据 ID：\u003ccode\u003eidentity\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003erestrict-path\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eno-action-boundary\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime.pg17-boundary\u003c/code\u003e。选定基础运行记录：\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10\u003c/code\u003e。单独的边界记录：\u003ccode\u003eruntime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本与边界","html":"\u003cp\u003e锁定目录在 \u003ccode\u003e7.4\u003c/code\u003e 已观察到该条件，并在列出的正式快照中均存在。选定基础案例在 18.6 观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e，在 10.21 对同一 RESTRICT 删除观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。另一个 PG17.11 边界对照也返回 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，并保持 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e 到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 的恢复边界；该记录单独保留，不能推广为所有 PostgreSQL 11–17 小版本的普遍结果。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e对比 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\"\u003e23503 外键冲突\u003c/a\u003e、\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e23505 唯一约束冲突\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23514/\"\u003e23514 CHECK 冲突\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.calls.REL_18_6\u003c/code\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003e9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri_triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ea3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl-constraints.18.6\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e (SHA-256 \u003ccode\u003ece1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7\u003c/code\u003e) · \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\"\u003e官方文档\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"外键 RESTRICT 动作拒绝删除仍被引用的父行。","title":"23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突（restrict_violation）","translation_source_rev":"256f0dec54483b0eac8a03f877d095d29ba165711a86d160b1dcd0306e19cdd0"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"23","class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","condition_names":["restrict_violation"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1444bd6a138537cd75be88a220ee9472ac528f0cfc58758e49636d85455efe98","slug":"12"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"13":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"4a3ef8af218e5736dfde8660ba609e84233b6b3bac7e0210ff8724cf1b27b2db","slug":"13"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"14":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1c12e83304e0f4ff64c9d98ca5e3007df6756932ed19867a4fa0e0650f6c5751","slug":"14"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"15":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2161f58f6e87f6535b3b1f3d4661427bb6765f4f6b074fcc16fac97594b50599","slug":"15"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"16":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"928e705933d7c3d018ae3fba9d800b34e6325746d157339dce878473c519d100","slug":"16"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"17":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"868135520af87351e3ea1ba42656111cbd2d157d98e1fef05ea158ac5729d8b1","slug":"17"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"18":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"19":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"63fb8d1aa9f494eeab9d0f8542a2b673f7746ee41ae2689d19403cb3cc425a5c","slug":"19"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"20":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0d3f602127cd137cf343b32d5fa78f175eeb6cdcb6353b1f6f998ede6cb7b911","slug":"devel"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0177b8818643540dec7bbef1fe92b60a3961debd52a68412301647ca146c7f2d","slug":"8.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d65bf7cff5958c304352c974e477183e21efe9bd68e03786001874653bf66963","slug":"8.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"118059002973cdec5466ed3cabe7c9370b4c93d8ab542b8661d0eeb50cf6950d","slug":"8.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"8.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d63b10001be0581484022e33b78124a36bb3bd68d3ebe022cd7dfb375233432f","slug":"8.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.0":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"658fc09c4c10eed7ac7dea4ed3e3eff8cc5791eb5af26b7b4a31b0f863b316db","slug":"9.0"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2d118b06c3b644c28b3ddefe9e4bef99a180321582209332372a5318f5bf8d1c","slug":"9.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2a37575b39c858d37c58fc4de6a16109554fd3306602294180d78faa1170d2cd","slug":"9.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2214b6869d764f7fba7221aefcdf1ab049b55ad51d63aa52054f3cd2c2533ae9","slug":"9.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"7243e2d653befe88733222ede67958f0c4b7fae967b58eb97807aeb3f32b4096","slug":"9.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.5":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d40bc67cb331f1e4ccc0821ff57832c6c230edb0dce3ba4249defd21ae7ea29d","slug":"9.5"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"},"9.6":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"restrict_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2ab55e487571c8998ec39b3d1bbae29ac6fc5c310875bee422d9a7b8b3fde5b3","slug":"9.6"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23001"}},"history_boundary":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_tag_count":351,"gaps":[{"after":"18.6","before":"18.4","reason":"Non-adjacent release tags or a source gap; no removal is inferred."}],"latest_observed":"18.6","pre_range":{"first_observed":"7.4","known_lower_bound":"7.4 or earlier","last_observed":"8.4.22","notes":"Observed in the locked pre-9 formal release source; the label is a proven presence bound, not an exact introduction 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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old definition path and same-tag documentation were locked for the observed 7.4..8.4 tags; this is a definition presence bound, not a runtime path or precise introducing commit.","scope":"pre9-definition-history","status":"definition_only"}]},"Evidence":[{"Kind":"cases","Ordinal":0,"ID":"restrict_delete_referenced_parent","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"assertions":["SQLSTATE is 23001","The RESTRICT constraint and referencing table are identified","Deleting the child first permits an explicit parent repair"],"case_id":"restrict_delete_referenced_parent","cleanup":"Drop the case schema with an owner connection.","has_snippet":true,"position":0,"preconditions":["A child row references a parent through ON DELETE RESTRICT","The parent delete is attempted while the child remains"],"repair":"Resolve the dependent row according to business rules, then delete or retain the parent; changing RESTRICT to another action is a schema decision, not an error fix.","trigger":"Delete the referenced parent row.","versions":["18"]}},{"Kind":"claims","Ordinal":0,"ID":"identity","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"claim_id":"identity","limits":"The code is narrower than the general foreign-key violation code 23503.","method":"Read the condition definition and macro.","position":0,"runtime":[],"sources":["src.errcodes.18.6"],"statement":"23001 is restrict_violation, a specific Class 23 condition."}},{"Kind":"claims","Ordinal":1,"ID":"restrict-path","ServerVersion":null,"Status":null,"Payload":{"claim_id":"restrict-path","limits":"The exact DETAIL depends on privileges and key values; do not treat one rendered DETAIL as a static format string.","method":"Trace the fixed ri_ReportViolation call and compare the documented action timing.","position":1,"runtime":[],"sources":["src.ri_triggers.18.6","src.calls.REL_18_6","doc.ddl-constraints.18.6"],"statement":"The RI trigger reports 23001 when an immediate ON DELETE or ON UPDATE RESTRICT action finds a referencing 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