{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"23503","name":"23503","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"23","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","condition_names":["foreign_key_violation"],"content_hash":"4318c2042f07069b071c3c0aa1fba519853245fe52ab8a71ce1c5bb3af3cb801","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.190677+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION"],"name_zh":"外键约束冲突","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:589cc23b6cf670a34b7b062b6987cd58406e82d29cfdd85ebd0eaa42cd060276","sqlstate":"23503","status":"active","summary_zh":"外键约束冲突，子行找不到匹配的父键。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23503","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"23503","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:589cc23b6cf670a34b7b062b6987cd58406e82d29cfdd85ebd0eaa42cd060276","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"23503","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"23503 — foreign_key_violation：外键约束冲突","Summary":"外键约束冲突，子行找不到匹配的父键。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 23 \u003ccode\u003eintegrity_constraint_violation\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e 条件。子表插入或更新找不到匹配的父键，或者普通父表键操作触发外键规则，都可能产生它。在 PostgreSQL 18.6 中，父表 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支改用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e，因此应先按操作和完整诊断判断 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e最有用的诊断字段是 SQLSTATE（\u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e）、主报文（\u003ccode\u003eM\u003c/code\u003e）、detail（\u003ccode\u003eD\u003c/code\u003e），以及服务器提供时的 schema、table 和 constraint 字段。在 psycopg 中，这些字段位于 \u003ccode\u003eexc.sqlstate\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eexc.diag\u003c/code\u003e。重试前应保存完整诊断，因为当服务器可以展示键值时，detail 会指出缺少或仍被引用的键。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于立即检查的外键约束，错误由违反约束的语句报告；延迟约束可以让语句先完成，并在 \u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 时报告 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。自动提交下，立即失败的语句结束后连接可以执行下一条命令；显式事务中的立即失败会让事务变为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，必须执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或回滚到 savepoint 后才能发送无关命令。代表性案例用真实的 \u003ccode\u003eparents\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003echildren\u003c/code\u003e 外键、有效父行和新的子行写入验证了修复。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e案例 \u003ccode\u003efk_insert_missing_parent\u003c/code\u003e 使用真实的 \u003ccode\u003eparents\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003echildren\u003c/code\u003e 外键，在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 目标上均通过。run ID 和逐案例断言保存在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e子表上的外键指向父表的主键或合适的唯一键。PostgreSQL 会在子表 \u003ccode\u003eINSERT\u003c/code\u003e、改变键值的 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 时检查这种关系；父表键被更新或删除时，也会检查反向引用。约束是立即检查还是延迟检查，决定了错误出现的具体时点。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e列的匹配规则同样重要。默认的 \u003ccode\u003eMATCH SIMPLE\u003c/code\u003e 下，只要引用键中有任意列为 NULL，该行就不必匹配父表。\u003ccode\u003eMATCH FULL\u003c/code\u003e 允许全为 NULL 的键，或全部非 NULL 且能匹配父键的键，但会拒绝 NULL 与非 NULL 混合的键。代表性案例只有一个 \u003ccode\u003eNOT NULL\u003c/code\u003e 列，因此有意没有演示这两种 NULL 规则。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于父表 \u003ccode\u003eDELETE\u003c/code\u003e 或改变键值的 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e，\u003ccode\u003eON DELETE/UPDATE NO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e 可以在约束可延迟时等到约束检查时点；\u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 要求立即检查且不能延迟。在固定的 PostgreSQL 18.6 源码中，\u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支使用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e（\u003ccode\u003erestrict_violation\u003c/code\u003e）及专用报文，而不是本页案例中的 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。动作选择是关系契约的一部分；父表操作不能按“缺少父键”的子表插入来推断 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e普通子行路径在 \u003ccode\u003eri_triggers.c\u003c/code\u003e 中使用 \u003ccode\u003einsert or update on table \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e 模板。可选 detail 为 \u003ccode\u003eKey (%s)=(%s) is not present in table \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34;.\u003c/code\u003e；服务器还会通过协议的 table 和 constraint 字段附加子表及约束身份。普通的父键删除或更新分支可使用另一套 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 主报文；固定版本的 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支例外地使用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e。本页运行证据只覆盖缺少父行的子表写入，不覆盖父表动作。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 只说明关系检查失败，不直接给出业务修复。缺少父行可能是写入顺序错误、标识符错误、另一个事务尚未提交，或需要级联策略的有意删除。选择修复前应检查语句和约束定义。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e报文与诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性操作创建父表和子表，不插入键 \u003ccode\u003e99\u003c/code\u003e 对应的父行，然后插入子行。下面的可执行摘录与 runner 使用同一触发和恢复顺序；实际运行时由隔离 harness 为名称加上模式限定。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\nCREATE TABLE children(\n    id integer PRIMARY KEY,\n    parent_id integer NOT NULL,\n    CONSTRAINT children_parent_fk FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES parents(id)\n);\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\n-- 服务器报告 23503，事务此时为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (99);\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\nCOMMIT;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 的自然错误为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: 23503\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: insert or update on table \u0026#34;children\u0026#34; violates foreign key constraint \u0026#34;children_parent_fk\u0026#34;\nmessage_detail: Key (parent_id)=(99) is not present in table \u0026#34;parents\u0026#34;.\nschema_name: c23503_fk_insert_missing_parent\ntable_name: children\nconstraint_name: children_parent_fk\nsource: ri_triggers.c / ri_ReportViolation / line 2783\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文和 detail 相同；对应源码行为位于第 3266 行。detail 取决于服务器是否有权限描述键值，可能不存在。不要把本地化的英文报文当作协议契约：应按 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 分支，再读取结构化字段和操作上下文。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e先记录失败语句、SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、服务器版本和事务状态。显式事务要分别记录错误后（\u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e）以及恢复后（\u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eINTRANS\u003c/code\u003e）的状态。后续的 \u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e 表示客户端在事务已经失败时发送了命令；它是后续状态，不能替代 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e使用 \u003ccode\u003epg_constraint\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003epg_get_constraintdef()\u003c/code\u003e 检查命名约束及其引用关系。结合适用的隔离级别检查尝试写入的键和父表。如果父行由另一个事务创建，应确认写入和提交顺序是否符合设计；固定等待并不能证明父行已经可见。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于父键删除或更新，检查引用行以及 \u003ccode\u003eON DELETE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eON UPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 声明的动作。延迟外键可能允许违规语句暂时成功，而在 \u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 时才报告 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。日志和重试逻辑应保留这一时点。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理与修复 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e选择符合关系语义的修复：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e像代表性案例一样，先创建或选择目标父行，再重试子行写入。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果子标识符过期或格式错误，修正子行标识符；不要关闭约束来掩盖数据错误。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e删除父行时，只有业务规则允许时才采用声明的级联、置空或限制动作；否则应先更新或归档引用行。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果父行由另一个事务写入，应采用能建立预期顺序和隔离级别的事务设计。回滚后重新读取，再决定是否重放旧的子行请求。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e显式事务失败后，\u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 会丢弃其中的待提交工作并让连接回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。当子行操作可选时，可以使用 savepoint 保留之前的工作。真正的修复应包括父行的实际读取、提交后的子行以及提交后查询；只执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或打开新连接不能证明关系已经修好。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本与边界 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。两个版本的源码行号不同；本页采用 SQLSTATE、约束身份和外键诊断形状作为兼容边界。延迟时点、权限、级联动作以及并发创建父行是独立维度，本次立即约束案例不覆盖它们。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 处理唯一性不变量中的重复值。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23502/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23502\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003enot_null_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 处理必填列收到 \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40001/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 描述可能围绕关系修复出现的并发结果。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是未处理错误之后的后续事务状态。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e本页结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；runtime 记录保留两个目标的 run ID 及结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L235-L241\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri-triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2761-L2809\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eri_triggers.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e外键\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e错误和通知消息字段\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：\u003ccode\u003e23503-fk-manual-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e（latest 与 pg10），结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:589cc23b6cf670a34b7b062b6987cd58406e82d29cfdd85ebd0eaa42cd060276","ContentHash":"cec00183994e8a096a2cbe32120e2809ad0d479dd9c2ccb7aaf017f332e7adb8","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`23503` 是 PostgreSQL 类别 23 `integrity_constraint_violation` 中的 `foreign_key_violation` 条件。子表插入或更新找不到匹配的父键，或者普通父表键操作触发外键规则，都可能产生它。在 PostgreSQL 18.6 中，父表 `RESTRICT` 分支改用 `23001`，因此应先按操作和完整诊断判断 SQLSTATE。\n\n最有用的诊断字段是 SQLSTATE（`C`）、主报文（`M`）、detail（`D`），以及服务器提供时的 schema、table 和 constraint 字段。在 psycopg 中，这些字段位于 `exc.sqlstate` 和 `exc.diag`。重试前应保存完整诊断，因为当服务器可以展示键值时，detail 会指出缺少或仍被引用的键。\n\n对于立即检查的外键约束，错误由违反约束的语句报告；延迟约束可以让语句先完成，并在 `COMMIT` 时报告 `23503`。自动提交下，立即失败的语句结束后连接可以执行下一条命令；显式事务中的立即失败会让事务变为 `INERROR`，必须执行 `ROLLBACK` 或回滚到 savepoint 后才能发送无关命令。代表性案例用真实的 `parents`/`children` 外键、有效父行和新的子行写入验证了修复。\n\n案例 `fk_insert_missing_parent` 使用真实的 `parents`/`children` 外键，在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 目标上均通过。run ID 和逐案例断言保存在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。\n\n\n## 含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\n\n子表上的外键指向父表的主键或合适的唯一键。PostgreSQL 会在子表 `INSERT`、改变键值的 `UPDATE` 时检查这种关系；父表键被更新或删除时，也会检查反向引用。约束是立即检查还是延迟检查，决定了错误出现的具体时点。\n\n列的匹配规则同样重要。默认的 `MATCH SIMPLE` 下，只要引用键中有任意列为 NULL，该行就不必匹配父表。`MATCH FULL` 允许全为 NULL 的键，或全部非 NULL 且能匹配父键的键，但会拒绝 NULL 与非 NULL 混合的键。代表性案例只有一个 `NOT NULL` 列，因此有意没有演示这两种 NULL 规则。\n\n对于父表 `DELETE` 或改变键值的 `UPDATE`，`ON DELETE/UPDATE NO ACTION` 可以在约束可延迟时等到约束检查时点；`RESTRICT` 要求立即检查且不能延迟。在固定的 PostgreSQL 18.6 源码中，`RESTRICT` 分支使用 `23001`（`restrict_violation`）及专用报文，而不是本页案例中的 `23503`。动作选择是关系契约的一部分；父表操作不能按“缺少父键”的子表插入来推断 SQLSTATE。\n\n普通子行路径在 `ri_triggers.c` 中使用 `insert or update on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\"` 模板。可选 detail 为 `Key (%s)=(%s) is not present in table \"%s\".`；服务器还会通过协议的 table 和 constraint 字段附加子表及约束身份。普通的父键删除或更新分支可使用另一套 `23503` 主报文；固定版本的 `RESTRICT` 分支例外地使用 `23001`。本页运行证据只覆盖缺少父行的子表写入，不覆盖父表动作。\n\n`23503` 只说明关系检查失败，不直接给出业务修复。缺少父行可能是写入顺序错误、标识符错误、另一个事务尚未提交，或需要级联策略的有意删除。选择修复前应检查语句和约束定义。\n\n## 报文与诊断 {#messages}\n\n代表性操作创建父表和子表，不插入键 `99` 对应的父行，然后插入子行。下面的可执行摘录与 runner 使用同一触发和恢复顺序；实际运行时由隔离 harness 为名称加上模式限定。\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\nCREATE TABLE children(\n    id integer PRIMARY KEY,\n    parent_id integer NOT NULL,\n    CONSTRAINT children_parent_fk FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES parents(id)\n);\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\n-- 服务器报告 23503，事务此时为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (99);\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\nCOMMIT;\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 18.6 的自然错误为：\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: 23503\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: insert or update on table \"children\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_fk\"\nmessage_detail: Key (parent_id)=(99) is not present in table \"parents\".\nschema_name: c23503_fk_insert_missing_parent\ntable_name: children\nconstraint_name: children_parent_fk\nsource: ri_triggers.c / ri_ReportViolation / line 2783\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文和 detail 相同；对应源码行为位于第 3266 行。detail 取决于服务器是否有权限描述键值，可能不存在。不要把本地化的英文报文当作协议契约：应按 `23503` 分支，再读取结构化字段和操作上下文。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n先记录失败语句、SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、服务器版本和事务状态。显式事务要分别记录错误后（`INERROR`）以及恢复后（`IDLE` 或 `INTRANS`）的状态。后续的 `25P02` 表示客户端在事务已经失败时发送了命令；它是后续状态，不能替代 `23503`。\n\n使用 `pg_constraint` 和 `pg_get_constraintdef()` 检查命名约束及其引用关系。结合适用的隔离级别检查尝试写入的键和父表。如果父行由另一个事务创建，应确认写入和提交顺序是否符合设计；固定等待并不能证明父行已经可见。\n\n对于父键删除或更新，检查引用行以及 `ON DELETE`、`ON UPDATE` 声明的动作。延迟外键可能允许违规语句暂时成功，而在 `COMMIT` 时才报告 `23503`。日志和重试逻辑应保留这一时点。\n\n## 处理与修复 {#response}\n\n选择符合关系语义的修复：\n\n- 像代表性案例一样，先创建或选择目标父行，再重试子行写入。\n- 如果子标识符过期或格式错误，修正子行标识符；不要关闭约束来掩盖数据错误。\n- 删除父行时，只有业务规则允许时才采用声明的级联、置空或限制动作；否则应先更新或归档引用行。\n- 如果父行由另一个事务写入，应采用能建立预期顺序和隔离级别的事务设计。回滚后重新读取，再决定是否重放旧的子行请求。\n\n显式事务失败后，`ROLLBACK` 会丢弃其中的待提交工作并让连接回到 `IDLE`。当子行操作可选时，可以使用 savepoint 保留之前的工作。真正的修复应包括父行的实际读取、提交后的子行以及提交后查询；只执行 `ROLLBACK` 或打开新连接不能证明关系已经修好。\n\n## 版本与边界 {#versions}\n\n目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 `23503`，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化。\n\n代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。两个版本的源码行号不同；本页采用 SQLSTATE、约束身份和外键诊断形状作为兼容边界。延迟时点、权限、级联动作以及并发创建父行是独立维度，本次立即约束案例不覆盖它们。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n[`23505` — `unique_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/) 处理唯一性不变量中的重复值。[`23502` — `not_null_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23502/) 处理必填列收到 `NULL`。[`40001` — `serialization_failure`](/wiki/sqlstate/40001/) 和 [`40P01` — `deadlock_detected`](/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/) 描述可能围绕关系修复出现的并发结果。[`25P02` — `in_failed_sql_transaction`](/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/) 是未处理错误之后的后续事务状态。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n本页结构化证据记录在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`；runtime 记录保留两个目标的 run ID 及结构化观察。\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L235-L241)\n- `src.ri-triggers.18.6` — [`ri_triggers.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2761-L2809)\n- `doc.ddl.18.6` — [外键](/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK)\n- `doc.protocol.18` — [错误和通知消息字段](/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html)\n- Runtime：`23503-fk-manual-final-20260909`（latest 与 pg10），结构化观察见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)\n","description":"当子表外键写入或某些普通父表操作违反外键关系时，PostgreSQL 会报告 SQLSTATE 23503。应确认操作、关系和约束，再修复数据或事务边界。","is_stale":false,"name":"外键约束冲突","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 23 \u003ccode\u003eintegrity_constraint_violation\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e 条件。子表插入或更新找不到匹配的父键，或者普通父表键操作触发外键规则，都可能产生它。在 PostgreSQL 18.6 中，父表 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支改用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e，因此应先按操作和完整诊断判断 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e最有用的诊断字段是 SQLSTATE（\u003ccode\u003eC\u003c/code\u003e）、主报文（\u003ccode\u003eM\u003c/code\u003e）、detail（\u003ccode\u003eD\u003c/code\u003e），以及服务器提供时的 schema、table 和 constraint 字段。在 psycopg 中，这些字段位于 \u003ccode\u003eexc.sqlstate\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eexc.diag\u003c/code\u003e。重试前应保存完整诊断，因为当服务器可以展示键值时，detail 会指出缺少或仍被引用的键。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于立即检查的外键约束，错误由违反约束的语句报告；延迟约束可以让语句先完成，并在 \u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 时报告 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。自动提交下，立即失败的语句结束后连接可以执行下一条命令；显式事务中的立即失败会让事务变为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，必须执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或回滚到 savepoint 后才能发送无关命令。代表性案例用真实的 \u003ccode\u003eparents\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003echildren\u003c/code\u003e 外键、有效父行和新的子行写入验证了修复。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e案例 \u003ccode\u003efk_insert_missing_parent\u003c/code\u003e 使用真实的 \u003ccode\u003eparents\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003echildren\u003c/code\u003e 外键，在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 目标上均通过。run ID 和逐案例断言保存在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义与触发路径","html":"\u003cp\u003e子表上的外键指向父表的主键或合适的唯一键。PostgreSQL 会在子表 \u003ccode\u003eINSERT\u003c/code\u003e、改变键值的 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 时检查这种关系；父表键被更新或删除时，也会检查反向引用。约束是立即检查还是延迟检查，决定了错误出现的具体时点。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e列的匹配规则同样重要。默认的 \u003ccode\u003eMATCH SIMPLE\u003c/code\u003e 下，只要引用键中有任意列为 NULL，该行就不必匹配父表。\u003ccode\u003eMATCH FULL\u003c/code\u003e 允许全为 NULL 的键，或全部非 NULL 且能匹配父键的键，但会拒绝 NULL 与非 NULL 混合的键。代表性案例只有一个 \u003ccode\u003eNOT NULL\u003c/code\u003e 列，因此有意没有演示这两种 NULL 规则。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于父表 \u003ccode\u003eDELETE\u003c/code\u003e 或改变键值的 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e，\u003ccode\u003eON DELETE/UPDATE NO ACTION\u003c/code\u003e 可以在约束可延迟时等到约束检查时点；\u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 要求立即检查且不能延迟。在固定的 PostgreSQL 18.6 源码中，\u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支使用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e（\u003ccode\u003erestrict_violation\u003c/code\u003e）及专用报文，而不是本页案例中的 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。动作选择是关系契约的一部分；父表操作不能按“缺少父键”的子表插入来推断 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e普通子行路径在 \u003ccode\u003eri_triggers.c\u003c/code\u003e 中使用 \u003ccode\u003einsert or update on table \"%s\" violates foreign key constraint \"%s\"\u003c/code\u003e 模板。可选 detail 为 \u003ccode\u003eKey (%s)=(%s) is not present in table \"%s\".\u003c/code\u003e；服务器还会通过协议的 table 和 constraint 字段附加子表及约束身份。普通的父键删除或更新分支可使用另一套 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 主报文；固定版本的 \u003ccode\u003eRESTRICT\u003c/code\u003e 分支例外地使用 \u003ccode\u003e23001\u003c/code\u003e。本页运行证据只覆盖缺少父行的子表写入，不覆盖父表动作。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 只说明关系检查失败，不直接给出业务修复。缺少父行可能是写入顺序错误、标识符错误、另一个事务尚未提交，或需要级联策略的有意删除。选择修复前应检查语句和约束定义。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"报文与诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e代表性操作创建父表和子表，不插入键 \u003ccode\u003e99\u003c/code\u003e 对应的父行，然后插入子行。下面的可执行摘录与 runner 使用同一触发和恢复顺序；实际运行时由隔离 harness 为名称加上模式限定。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eCREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);\nCREATE TABLE children(\n    id integer PRIMARY KEY,\n    parent_id integer NOT NULL,\n    CONSTRAINT children_parent_fk FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES parents(id)\n);\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\n-- 服务器报告 23503，事务此时为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\nBEGIN;\nINSERT INTO parents VALUES (99);\nINSERT INTO children VALUES (1, 99);\nCOMMIT;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 的自然错误为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: 23503\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: insert or update on table \u0026quot;children\u0026quot; violates foreign key constraint \u0026quot;children_parent_fk\u0026quot;\nmessage_detail: Key (parent_id)=(99) is not present in table \u0026quot;parents\u0026quot;.\nschema_name: c23503_fk_insert_missing_parent\ntable_name: children\nconstraint_name: children_parent_fk\nsource: ri_triggers.c / ri_ReportViolation / line 2783\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文和 detail 相同；对应源码行为位于第 3266 行。detail 取决于服务器是否有权限描述键值，可能不存在。不要把本地化的英文报文当作协议契约：应按 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e 分支，再读取结构化字段和操作上下文。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e先记录失败语句、SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、服务器版本和事务状态。显式事务要分别记录错误后（\u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e）以及恢复后（\u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eINTRANS\u003c/code\u003e）的状态。后续的 \u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e 表示客户端在事务已经失败时发送了命令；它是后续状态，不能替代 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e使用 \u003ccode\u003epg_constraint\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003epg_get_constraintdef()\u003c/code\u003e 检查命名约束及其引用关系。结合适用的隔离级别检查尝试写入的键和父表。如果父行由另一个事务创建，应确认写入和提交顺序是否符合设计；固定等待并不能证明父行已经可见。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e对于父键删除或更新，检查引用行以及 \u003ccode\u003eON DELETE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eON UPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 声明的动作。延迟外键可能允许违规语句暂时成功，而在 \u003ccode\u003eCOMMIT\u003c/code\u003e 时才报告 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e。日志和重试逻辑应保留这一时点。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理与修复","html":"\u003cp\u003e选择符合关系语义的修复：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e像代表性案例一样，先创建或选择目标父行，再重试子行写入。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果子标识符过期或格式错误，修正子行标识符；不要关闭约束来掩盖数据错误。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e删除父行时，只有业务规则允许时才采用声明的级联、置空或限制动作；否则应先更新或归档引用行。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e如果父行由另一个事务写入，应采用能建立预期顺序和隔离级别的事务设计。回滚后重新读取，再决定是否重放旧的子行请求。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e显式事务失败后，\u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 会丢弃其中的待提交工作并让连接回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。当子行操作可选时，可以使用 savepoint 保留之前的工作。真正的修复应包括父行的实际读取、提交后的子行以及提交后查询；只执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或打开新连接不能证明关系已经修好。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本与边界","html":"\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。两个版本的源码行号不同；本页采用 SQLSTATE、约束身份和外键诊断形状作为兼容边界。延迟时点、权限、级联动作以及并发创建父行是独立维度，本次立即约束案例不覆盖它们。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 处理唯一性不变量中的重复值。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23502/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23502\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003enot_null_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 处理必填列收到 \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40001/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 描述可能围绕关系修复出现的并发结果。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是未处理错误之后的后续事务状态。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cp\u003e本页结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；runtime 记录保留两个目标的 run ID 及结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L235-L241\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.ri-triggers.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2761-L2809\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eri_triggers.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.ddl.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK\"\u003e外键\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\"\u003e错误和通知消息字段\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：\u003ccode\u003e23503-fk-manual-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e（latest 与 pg10），结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"外键约束冲突，子行找不到匹配的父键。","title":"23503 — foreign_key_violation：外键约束冲突","translation_source_rev":"a468eb26fa3c568c744e6c5441c6f25f51de17e6349f8a7bc81be69c238b3cc1"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"23","class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","condition_names":["foreign_key_violation"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1444bd6a138537cd75be88a220ee9472ac528f0cfc58758e49636d85455efe98","slug":"12"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"13":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"4a3ef8af218e5736dfde8660ba609e84233b6b3bac7e0210ff8724cf1b27b2db","slug":"13"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"14":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1c12e83304e0f4ff64c9d98ca5e3007df6756932ed19867a4fa0e0650f6c5751","slug":"14"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"15":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2161f58f6e87f6535b3b1f3d4661427bb6765f4f6b074fcc16fac97594b50599","slug":"15"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"16":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"928e705933d7c3d018ae3fba9d800b34e6325746d157339dce878473c519d100","slug":"16"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"17":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"868135520af87351e3ea1ba42656111cbd2d157d98e1fef05ea158ac5729d8b1","slug":"17"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"18":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"19":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"63fb8d1aa9f494eeab9d0f8542a2b673f7746ee41ae2689d19403cb3cc425a5c","slug":"19"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"20":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0d3f602127cd137cf343b32d5fa78f175eeb6cdcb6353b1f6f998ede6cb7b911","slug":"devel"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"8.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"0177b8818643540dec7bbef1fe92b60a3961debd52a68412301647ca146c7f2d","slug":"8.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"8.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d65bf7cff5958c304352c974e477183e21efe9bd68e03786001874653bf66963","slug":"8.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"8.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"118059002973cdec5466ed3cabe7c9370b4c93d8ab542b8661d0eeb50cf6950d","slug":"8.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"8.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d63b10001be0581484022e33b78124a36bb3bd68d3ebe022cd7dfb375233432f","slug":"8.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.0":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"658fc09c4c10eed7ac7dea4ed3e3eff8cc5791eb5af26b7b4a31b0f863b316db","slug":"9.0"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.1":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2d118b06c3b644c28b3ddefe9e4bef99a180321582209332372a5318f5bf8d1c","slug":"9.1"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.2":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2a37575b39c858d37c58fc4de6a16109554fd3306602294180d78faa1170d2cd","slug":"9.2"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.3":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2214b6869d764f7fba7221aefcdf1ab049b55ad51d63aa52054f3cd2c2533ae9","slug":"9.3"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.4":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"7243e2d653befe88733222ede67958f0c4b7fae967b58eb97807aeb3f32b4096","slug":"9.4"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.5":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"d40bc67cb331f1e4ccc0821ff57832c6c230edb0dce3ba4249defd21ae7ea29d","slug":"9.5"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"},"9.6":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Integrity Constraint Violation","condition_name":"foreign_key_violation","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2ab55e487571c8998ec39b3d1bbae29ac6fc5c310875bee422d9a7b8b3fde5b3","slug":"9.6"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"23503"}},"history_boundary":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_tag_count":351,"gaps":[{"after":"18.6","before":"18.4","reason":"Non-adjacent release tags or a source gap; no removal is inferred."}],"latest_observed":"18.6","pre_range":{"first_observed":"7.4","known_lower_bound":"7.4 or earlier","last_observed":"8.4.22","notes":"Observed in the locked pre-9 formal release source; the label is a proven presence bound, not an exact introduction 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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