{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"28P01","name":"28P01","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"28","condition_name":"invalid_password","condition_names":["invalid_password"],"content_hash":"a7d75e1f39e8f588bfba8bc7a17af5ae790b80a33beffd5ffe0ec5e8164f72fa","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.324385+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"9.0.0","macros":["ERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD"],"name_zh":"密码无效","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:890476e06c67c07baa2c0404c5accab30fc55ff21e0e5f0cf28d7af62891e504","sqlstate":"28P01","status":"active","summary_zh":"建立会话时密码认证失败，连接被拒绝。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"28P01","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"28P01","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:890476e06c67c07baa2c0404c5accab30fc55ff21e0e5f0cf28d7af62891e504","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Invalid Authorization Specification","condition_name":"invalid_password","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"28P01"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"28P01","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"28P01 — invalid_password（密码无效）","Summary":"建立会话时密码认证失败，连接被拒绝。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 28 \u003ccode\u003einvalid_authorization_specification\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003einvalid_password\u003c/code\u003e 条件。客户端建立会话时密码认证失败，会产生这个代码。具体路径取决于认证方法、匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则和角色保存的密码。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e这是 SQL 执行前的失败。被拒绝的会话没有事务可供回滚。最终运行中，psycopg 返回了启动异常文本，但暴露的 \u003ccode\u003esqlstate\u003c/code\u003e 为 \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e；PostgreSQL collector 记录了服务器实际发送的 \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e。不能把没有代码的驱动异常描述成客户端收到了 collector 字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e案例 \u003ccode\u003ewrong_password_authentication\u003c/code\u003e 临时启用 \u003ccode\u003emd5\u003c/code\u003e 规则，使用错误密码连接，验证已知密码可以建立新会话并执行 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e，恢复原来的 HBA 配置，再验证新的管理连接。案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。run ID 和断言见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e服务器根据第一条匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则选择认证方法。密码、MD5 和 SCRAM 路径拒绝提交的密码时，\u003ccode\u003eauth.c\u003c/code\u003e 选择 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD\u003c/code\u003e 并报告 \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e。主报文模板是 \u003ccode\u003epassword authentication failed for user \u0026#34;%s\u0026#34;\u003c/code\u003e；服务器也可以在日志 detail 中加入匹配的 HBA 信息。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e 不会区分所有认证配置问题。角色不存在、角色不允许登录、证书失败，或 HBA 规则选择了其他方法，都可能使用不同的 SQLSTATE 或报文。匹配的规则和认证方法是诊断的一部分。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e失败发生在连接启动阶段，后端尚未接受 SQL。连接池应丢弃被拒绝的连接尝试，在密码或 HBA 配置修好后建立新的连接。仍在使用的所有者或管理连接可以恢复临时规则，但复用它们不能证明受影响角色可以认证。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e报文与诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e下面的 SQL 语句与 runner 使用的密码设置和探针相同。运行时 \u003ccode\u003eknown_user\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eexample-known-secret\u003c/code\u003e 会替换为临时值。修改 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 和使用错误密码建立连接属于启动操作，因此在 SQL 语句之间说明，而不是伪造 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 或 SQL 错误。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eALTER ROLE known_user PASSWORD \u0026#39;example-known-secret\u0026#39;;\n-- 在 pg_hba.conf 首行临时加入 host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5。\n-- 使用错误密码以 known_user 连接：启动阶段返回 FATAL 28P01。\n-- 再使用已知密码建立连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n-- 恢复原 pg_hba.conf，建立新的管理连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e最新目标的 collector 记录形状为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: 28P01\nseverity: FATAL\nmessage_primary: password authentication failed for user \u0026#34;\u0026lt;generated-role\u0026gt;\u0026#34;\ndetail (collector): Connection matched file \u0026#34;\u0026lt;pg_hba.conf path\u0026gt;\u0026#34; line 1: \u0026#34;host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5\u0026#34;\nsource: auth.c / auth_failed / line 320\ndriver startup sqlstate: null\ntransaction: none opened\nrepair: known-password SELECT 1 -\u0026gt; 1; restore HBA; fresh owner SELECT 1 -\u0026gt; 1\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的 collector 产生相同的主报文和 SQLSTATE，源码位置为 \u003ccode\u003eauth.c:329\u003c/code\u003e；其 collector detail 使用较早的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf line\u003c/code\u003e 表述，并且还包含密码不匹配行。两个目标都在临时规则下用已知密码认证成功，重新加载原 HBA 配置，并让新的管理连接返回 \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e。驱动文本和 collector 字段是两条独立证据；本次运行中 libpq/psycopg 没有暴露启动 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e记录用户、数据库、连接来源、认证方法、服务器版本和第一条匹配的 HBA 规则，不要记录密码。按时间关联失败尝试和 verbose collector 记录。collector detail 可以指出 HBA 行，而客户端启动异常可能只有 FATAL 文本。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e检查目标角色存在且允许登录，密码已针对选定方法设置，并确认更早的 HBA 规则没有截获连接。正确密码配在错误的 HBA 方法上不能证明部署正确。密码轮换完成前，应等待新的连接成功。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e被拒绝的会话没有事务状态需要恢复。修改 HBA 规则时保留受控的管理连接，重新加载配置，并用新的客户端测试。测试完成后精确恢复原规则，再确认新的所有者连接仍可用。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理与修复 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e为角色使用预期的密码和认证方法，通过不会把密码暴露到日志或命令历史的途径轮换密码。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e检查第一条匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则，修正数据库、用户、地址和方法字段，然后重新加载配置。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e用新的连接和真实的无害查询（例如 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e）测试受影响角色。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e在新路径得到证明前保留管理访问，随后关闭仍保存旧密码的连接池陈旧会话。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性修复同时包含已知密码连接和恢复后的新管理连接。仅成功调用 \u003ccode\u003epg_reload_conf()\u003c/code\u003e 不能证明认证已经修好，复用执行 reload 的连接也不能测试修复后的登录路径。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本与边界 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e目录在第一份扫描到的定义（\u003ccode\u003e9.0.0\u003c/code\u003e 或更早）中已包含 \u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e，并在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化；9.0 以前的引入点仍未扫描。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e错误密码案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。源码行号随版本变化，驱动与 collector 的 SQLSTATE 差异是本启动路径的实测边界。证书、GSSAPI、PAM、LDAP、peer 和 HBA 语法失败是独立认证路径，本证据不覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/53300/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e53300\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003etoo_many_connections\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是连接启动阶段的容量失败。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/57014/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003equery_canceled\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 发生在已连接后端执行语句时。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42501/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42501\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003einsufficient_privilege\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是认证后的权限检查，不是密码诊断。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留 collector 输出、驱动观察、HBA 恢复、两个目标 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L271-L278\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.auth.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/libpq/auth.c#L270-L332\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauth.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.client-auth.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/auth-pg-hba-conf.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epg_hba.conf 文件\u003c/a\u003e 与 \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/auth-password.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e密码认证\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e错误和通知消息字段\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e28P01-registry-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:890476e06c67c07baa2c0404c5accab30fc55ff21e0e5f0cf28d7af62891e504","ContentHash":"4d141302f4181bf3a212256b9b73d1e8bd9958eea9f51f0ab152ba2f9e153bd1","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`28P01` 是 PostgreSQL 类别 28 `invalid_authorization_specification` 中的 `invalid_password` 条件。客户端建立会话时密码认证失败，会产生这个代码。具体路径取决于认证方法、匹配的 `pg_hba.conf` 规则和角色保存的密码。\n\n这是 SQL 执行前的失败。被拒绝的会话没有事务可供回滚。最终运行中，psycopg 返回了启动异常文本，但暴露的 `sqlstate` 为 `None`；PostgreSQL collector 记录了服务器实际发送的 `FATAL` SQLSTATE `28P01`。不能把没有代码的驱动异常描述成客户端收到了 collector 字段。\n\n案例 `wrong_password_authentication` 临时启用 `md5` 规则，使用错误密码连接，验证已知密码可以建立新会话并执行 `SELECT 1`，恢复原来的 HBA 配置，再验证新的管理连接。案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。run ID 和断言见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)。\n\n\n## 含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\n\n服务器根据第一条匹配的 `pg_hba.conf` 规则选择认证方法。密码、MD5 和 SCRAM 路径拒绝提交的密码时，`auth.c` 选择 `ERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD` 并报告 `FATAL`。主报文模板是 `password authentication failed for user \"%s\"`；服务器也可以在日志 detail 中加入匹配的 HBA 信息。\n\n`28P01` 不会区分所有认证配置问题。角色不存在、角色不允许登录、证书失败，或 HBA 规则选择了其他方法，都可能使用不同的 SQLSTATE 或报文。匹配的规则和认证方法是诊断的一部分。\n\n失败发生在连接启动阶段，后端尚未接受 SQL。连接池应丢弃被拒绝的连接尝试，在密码或 HBA 配置修好后建立新的连接。仍在使用的所有者或管理连接可以恢复临时规则，但复用它们不能证明受影响角色可以认证。\n\n## 报文与诊断 {#messages}\n\n下面的 SQL 语句与 runner 使用的密码设置和探针相同。运行时 `known_user` 和 `example-known-secret` 会替换为临时值。修改 `pg_hba.conf` 和使用错误密码建立连接属于启动操作，因此在 SQL 语句之间说明，而不是伪造 `RAISE` 或 SQL 错误。\n\n```sql\nALTER ROLE known_user PASSWORD 'example-known-secret';\n-- 在 pg_hba.conf 首行临时加入 host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5。\n-- 使用错误密码以 known_user 连接：启动阶段返回 FATAL 28P01。\n-- 再使用已知密码建立连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n-- 恢复原 pg_hba.conf，建立新的管理连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n```\n\n最新目标的 collector 记录形状为：\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: 28P01\nseverity: FATAL\nmessage_primary: password authentication failed for user \"\u003cgenerated-role\u003e\"\ndetail (collector): Connection matched file \"\u003cpg_hba.conf path\u003e\" line 1: \"host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5\"\nsource: auth.c / auth_failed / line 320\ndriver startup sqlstate: null\ntransaction: none opened\nrepair: known-password SELECT 1 -\u003e 1; restore HBA; fresh owner SELECT 1 -\u003e 1\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 10.21 的 collector 产生相同的主报文和 SQLSTATE，源码位置为 `auth.c:329`；其 collector detail 使用较早的 `pg_hba.conf line` 表述，并且还包含密码不匹配行。两个目标都在临时规则下用已知密码认证成功，重新加载原 HBA 配置，并让新的管理连接返回 `1`。驱动文本和 collector 字段是两条独立证据；本次运行中 libpq/psycopg 没有暴露启动 SQLSTATE。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n记录用户、数据库、连接来源、认证方法、服务器版本和第一条匹配的 HBA 规则，不要记录密码。按时间关联失败尝试和 verbose collector 记录。collector detail 可以指出 HBA 行，而客户端启动异常可能只有 FATAL 文本。\n\n检查目标角色存在且允许登录，密码已针对选定方法设置，并确认更早的 HBA 规则没有截获连接。正确密码配在错误的 HBA 方法上不能证明部署正确。密码轮换完成前，应等待新的连接成功。\n\n被拒绝的会话没有事务状态需要恢复。修改 HBA 规则时保留受控的管理连接，重新加载配置，并用新的客户端测试。测试完成后精确恢复原规则，再确认新的所有者连接仍可用。\n\n## 处理与修复 {#response}\n\n- 为角色使用预期的密码和认证方法，通过不会把密码暴露到日志或命令历史的途径轮换密码。\n- 检查第一条匹配的 `pg_hba.conf` 规则，修正数据库、用户、地址和方法字段，然后重新加载配置。\n- 用新的连接和真实的无害查询（例如 `SELECT 1`）测试受影响角色。\n- 在新路径得到证明前保留管理访问，随后关闭仍保存旧密码的连接池陈旧会话。\n\n代表性修复同时包含已知密码连接和恢复后的新管理连接。仅成功调用 `pg_reload_conf()` 不能证明认证已经修好，复用执行 reload 的连接也不能测试修复后的登录路径。\n\n## 版本与边界 {#versions}\n\n目录在第一份扫描到的定义（`9.0.0` 或更早）中已包含 `28P01`，并在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化；9.0 以前的引入点仍未扫描。\n\n错误密码案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。源码行号随版本变化，驱动与 collector 的 SQLSTATE 差异是本启动路径的实测边界。证书、GSSAPI、PAM、LDAP、peer 和 HBA 语法失败是独立认证路径，本证据不覆盖。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n[`53300` — `too_many_connections`](/wiki/sqlstate/53300/) 是连接启动阶段的容量失败。[`57014` — `query_canceled`](/wiki/sqlstate/57014/) 发生在已连接后端执行语句时。[`42501` — `insufficient_privilege`](/wiki/sqlstate/42501/) 是认证后的权限检查，不是密码诊断。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n结构化证据记录在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`；运行记录保留 collector 输出、驱动观察、HBA 恢复、两个目标 ID 和结构化观察。\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L271-L278)\n- `src.auth.18.6` — [`auth.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/libpq/auth.c#L270-L332)\n- `doc.client-auth.18` — [pg_hba.conf 文件](/docs/18/auth-pg-hba-conf.html) 与 [密码认证](/docs/18/auth-password.html)\n- `doc.protocol.18` — [错误和通知消息字段](/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html)\n- Runtime：latest 与 pg10 均为 `28P01-registry-final-20260909`，结构化观察见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)\n","description":"密码认证在连接启动阶段失败时，PostgreSQL 会报告 SQLSTATE 28P01。应检查匹配的 pg_hba.conf 规则和角色密码，并用新的连接证明修复。","is_stale":false,"name":"密码无效","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 28 \u003ccode\u003einvalid_authorization_specification\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003einvalid_password\u003c/code\u003e 条件。客户端建立会话时密码认证失败，会产生这个代码。具体路径取决于认证方法、匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则和角色保存的密码。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e这是 SQL 执行前的失败。被拒绝的会话没有事务可供回滚。最终运行中，psycopg 返回了启动异常文本，但暴露的 \u003ccode\u003esqlstate\u003c/code\u003e 为 \u003ccode\u003eNone\u003c/code\u003e；PostgreSQL collector 记录了服务器实际发送的 \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e SQLSTATE \u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e。不能把没有代码的驱动异常描述成客户端收到了 collector 字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e案例 \u003ccode\u003ewrong_password_authentication\u003c/code\u003e 临时启用 \u003ccode\u003emd5\u003c/code\u003e 规则，使用错误密码连接，验证已知密码可以建立新会话并执行 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e，恢复原来的 HBA 配置，再验证新的管理连接。案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。run ID 和断言见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义与触发路径","html":"\u003cp\u003e服务器根据第一条匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则选择认证方法。密码、MD5 和 SCRAM 路径拒绝提交的密码时，\u003ccode\u003eauth.c\u003c/code\u003e 选择 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_INVALID_PASSWORD\u003c/code\u003e 并报告 \u003ccode\u003eFATAL\u003c/code\u003e。主报文模板是 \u003ccode\u003epassword authentication failed for user \"%s\"\u003c/code\u003e；服务器也可以在日志 detail 中加入匹配的 HBA 信息。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e 不会区分所有认证配置问题。角色不存在、角色不允许登录、证书失败，或 HBA 规则选择了其他方法，都可能使用不同的 SQLSTATE 或报文。匹配的规则和认证方法是诊断的一部分。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e失败发生在连接启动阶段，后端尚未接受 SQL。连接池应丢弃被拒绝的连接尝试，在密码或 HBA 配置修好后建立新的连接。仍在使用的所有者或管理连接可以恢复临时规则，但复用它们不能证明受影响角色可以认证。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"报文与诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e下面的 SQL 语句与 runner 使用的密码设置和探针相同。运行时 \u003ccode\u003eknown_user\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eexample-known-secret\u003c/code\u003e 会替换为临时值。修改 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 和使用错误密码建立连接属于启动操作，因此在 SQL 语句之间说明，而不是伪造 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 或 SQL 错误。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eALTER ROLE known_user PASSWORD 'example-known-secret';\n-- 在 pg_hba.conf 首行临时加入 host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5。\n-- 使用错误密码以 known_user 连接：启动阶段返回 FATAL 28P01。\n-- 再使用已知密码建立连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n-- 恢复原 pg_hba.conf，建立新的管理连接并执行：\nSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e最新目标的 collector 记录形状为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: 28P01\nseverity: FATAL\nmessage_primary: password authentication failed for user \u0026quot;\u0026lt;generated-role\u0026gt;\u0026quot;\ndetail (collector): Connection matched file \u0026quot;\u0026lt;pg_hba.conf path\u0026gt;\u0026quot; line 1: \u0026quot;host all all 0.0.0.0/0 md5\u0026quot;\nsource: auth.c / auth_failed / line 320\ndriver startup sqlstate: null\ntransaction: none opened\nrepair: known-password SELECT 1 -\u0026gt; 1; restore HBA; fresh owner SELECT 1 -\u0026gt; 1\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的 collector 产生相同的主报文和 SQLSTATE，源码位置为 \u003ccode\u003eauth.c:329\u003c/code\u003e；其 collector detail 使用较早的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf line\u003c/code\u003e 表述，并且还包含密码不匹配行。两个目标都在临时规则下用已知密码认证成功，重新加载原 HBA 配置，并让新的管理连接返回 \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e。驱动文本和 collector 字段是两条独立证据；本次运行中 libpq/psycopg 没有暴露启动 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e记录用户、数据库、连接来源、认证方法、服务器版本和第一条匹配的 HBA 规则，不要记录密码。按时间关联失败尝试和 verbose collector 记录。collector detail 可以指出 HBA 行，而客户端启动异常可能只有 FATAL 文本。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e检查目标角色存在且允许登录，密码已针对选定方法设置，并确认更早的 HBA 规则没有截获连接。正确密码配在错误的 HBA 方法上不能证明部署正确。密码轮换完成前，应等待新的连接成功。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e被拒绝的会话没有事务状态需要恢复。修改 HBA 规则时保留受控的管理连接，重新加载配置，并用新的客户端测试。测试完成后精确恢复原规则，再确认新的所有者连接仍可用。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理与修复","html":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e为角色使用预期的密码和认证方法，通过不会把密码暴露到日志或命令历史的途径轮换密码。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e检查第一条匹配的 \u003ccode\u003epg_hba.conf\u003c/code\u003e 规则，修正数据库、用户、地址和方法字段，然后重新加载配置。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e用新的连接和真实的无害查询（例如 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e）测试受影响角色。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e在新路径得到证明前保留管理访问，随后关闭仍保存旧密码的连接池陈旧会话。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性修复同时包含已知密码连接和恢复后的新管理连接。仅成功调用 \u003ccode\u003epg_reload_conf()\u003c/code\u003e 不能证明认证已经修好，复用执行 reload 的连接也不能测试修复后的登录路径。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本与边界","html":"\u003cp\u003e目录在第一份扫描到的定义（\u003ccode\u003e9.0.0\u003c/code\u003e 或更早）中已包含 \u003ccode\u003e28P01\u003c/code\u003e，并在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。扫描范围内没有记录该条件的定义变化；9.0 以前的引入点仍未扫描。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e错误密码案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过。源码行号随版本变化，驱动与 collector 的 SQLSTATE 差异是本启动路径的实测边界。证书、GSSAPI、PAM、LDAP、peer 和 HBA 语法失败是独立认证路径，本证据不覆盖。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/53300/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e53300\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003etoo_many_connections\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是连接启动阶段的容量失败。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/57014/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003equery_canceled\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 发生在已连接后端执行语句时。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/42501/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e42501\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003einsufficient_privilege\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是认证后的权限检查，不是密码诊断。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留 collector 输出、驱动观察、HBA 恢复、两个目标 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L271-L278\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.auth.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/libpq/auth.c#L270-L332\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eauth.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.client-auth.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/auth-pg-hba-conf.html\"\u003epg_hba.conf 文件\u003c/a\u003e 与 \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/auth-password.html\"\u003e密码认证\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\"\u003e错误和通知消息字段\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e28P01-registry-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"建立会话时密码认证失败，连接被拒绝。","title":"28P01 — invalid_password（密码无效）","translation_source_rev":"c4fa989e08750813ed001cbb014f169ddebbeb317c1f3f88884f965788780176"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"9.0.0","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"not_observed","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"28","class_name":"Invalid Authorization 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