{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"40001","name":"40001","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"40","condition_name":"serialization_failure","condition_names":["serialization_failure"],"content_hash":"46df6e73714221bec36229d4530a1701ffb197cd1cfc8d066a440bc3c15b5ba8","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.479294+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE"],"name_zh":"序列化失败","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","sqlstate":"40001","status":"active","summary_zh":"并发事务无法串行化，需回滚后重试。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"40001","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"40001 — serialization_failure：序列化失败","Summary":"并发事务无法串行化，需回滚后重试。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e 条件。它告诉客户端，事务观察到的顺序无法与并发事务组成可串行化顺序，因此 PostgreSQL 中止冲突事务，让客户端重新执行。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例启动两个 \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e 事务，让它们读取同一值。第一个事务更新并提交；旧快照事务随后收到 \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e，进入 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，只有 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 后才回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。新的可串行化事务读取已提交值，执行 registry 中固定的 \u003ccode\u003eSET value = 2\u003c/code\u003e 操作并提交最终结果；这证明的是事务边界，不是业务计算逻辑。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e运行 \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e在 \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e 隔离级别下，PostgreSQL 跟踪谓词和元组冲突；如果事务结果依赖一个无法串行化的顺序，就会拒绝该事务。旧事务更新之前已读取、后来被并发事务更新的行，是其中一个具体路径。SQLSTATE 说明事务结果，不说明业务操作是否应该重试。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e执行器的更新路径使用 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e 源码报文。其他序列化冲突可能使用不同报文，恢复冲突也可能附带 detail，但仍表达事务回滚语义。应用日志应保存完整诊断以及事务的读写集合。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 与 \u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e 不同：用户主动请求的重复值不自动成为序列化失败，即使某些并发生成键的设计会产生应用认为可重试的唯一冲突。应根据操作语义和完整事务历史决定重试策略。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e报文与诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e下面的调度需要两个会话分别建立最初的快照。最后一段使用新的连接和新的可串行化快照，这是完整重试的必要部分。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- 在第一次提交前打开两个 SERIALIZABLE 快照。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- first 会话读到 0；stale 会话也读到同一个 0。\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- first 会话写入 1 并提交；随后 stale 会话用旧快照写入。\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- UPDATE 报告 40001，事务变为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- 新的重试事务：读取新值，重新执行操作并提交。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 返回：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u0026lt;none\u0026gt;\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文相同，\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e 行号随版本变化。本路径没有 message_detail；其他冲突来源可能附带更多字段。SQLSTATE 和事务已经中止的状态是稳定的重试信号。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、隔离级别、建立快照的语句以及事务状态。确认哪个事务先提交，以及哪些读取已过期。runner 断言两个初始读取都是 \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e，first 提交后为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，stale 事务在回滚前为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e不要在失败事务上继续查询。先回滚，再以新的事务开始，并重复完整的读取、决策和写入。只重放最后一条 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 可能基于已经失效的快照作出决定。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理与修复 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e当操作为此设计时，应把 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 当作事务重试信号：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e回滚整个失败事务并释放锁。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e按要求的隔离级别启动新事务，重新读取业务决策依赖的所有值。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e使用有限退避和最大重试次数重新执行操作。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e让操作具备幂等性，并在提交后验证最终业务结果。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性重试读取 \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e、写入 \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e、以 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 状态提交，独立读取观察到最终值 \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e。这个隔离案例中的固定赋值不能证明生产环境任意计算都可重放；应用必须从新快照重新计算。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本与边界 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 到 9.1 之间记录了类别标题变化；目录保留该变化，扫描范围内条件没有其他定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e旧快照更新案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。源码行号和冲突 detail 会因版本和冲突类型变化。本证据只覆盖旧快照更新及其新的完整重试，不声称所有 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 路径使用相同报文，也不声称所有事务都能安全重试。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 同样会中止事务并可能要求完整重试，但触发原因是锁环。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是不同的完整性条件，不能自动重试。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 可能是持久的数据关系错误。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是失败事务回滚前的后续状态。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留精确目标 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.nodeModifyTable.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e序列化失败处理\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:7ba30bcee3df17e9903b7376a8990b2f57688e4496835e4011a2726294619699","ContentHash":"ce6d674aecd03380e674ece56d0c7dae770a49a0160b103d681fd643f35cbf59","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`40001` 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 `transaction_rollback` 中的 `serialization_failure` 条件。它告诉客户端，事务观察到的顺序无法与并发事务组成可串行化顺序，因此 PostgreSQL 中止冲突事务，让客户端重新执行。\n\n代表性案例启动两个 `SERIALIZABLE` 事务，让它们读取同一值。第一个事务更新并提交；旧快照事务随后收到 `could not serialize access due to concurrent update`，进入 `INERROR`，只有 `ROLLBACK` 后才回到 `IDLE`。新的可串行化事务读取已提交值，执行 registry 中固定的 `SET value = 2` 操作并提交最终结果；这证明的是事务边界，不是业务计算逻辑。\n\n运行 `40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909` 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)。\n\n\n## 含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\n\n在 `SERIALIZABLE` 隔离级别下，PostgreSQL 跟踪谓词和元组冲突；如果事务结果依赖一个无法串行化的顺序，就会拒绝该事务。旧事务更新之前已读取、后来被并发事务更新的行，是其中一个具体路径。SQLSTATE 说明事务结果，不说明业务操作是否应该重试。\n\n执行器的更新路径使用 `ERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE` 和 `could not serialize access due to concurrent update` 源码报文。其他序列化冲突可能使用不同报文，恢复冲突也可能附带 detail，但仍表达事务回滚语义。应用日志应保存完整诊断以及事务的读写集合。\n\n`40001` 与 `23505` 不同：用户主动请求的重复值不自动成为序列化失败，即使某些并发生成键的设计会产生应用认为可重试的唯一冲突。应根据操作语义和完整事务历史决定重试策略。\n\n## 报文与诊断 {#messages}\n\n下面的调度需要两个会话分别建立最初的快照。最后一段使用新的连接和新的可串行化快照，这是完整重试的必要部分。\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- 在第一次提交前打开两个 SERIALIZABLE 快照。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- first 会话读到 0；stale 会话也读到同一个 0。\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- first 会话写入 1 并提交；随后 stale 会话用旧快照写入。\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- UPDATE 报告 40001，事务变为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- 新的重试事务：读取新值，重新执行操作并提交。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 18.6 返回：\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u003cnone\u003e\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文相同，`nodeModifyTable.c` 行号随版本变化。本路径没有 message_detail；其他冲突来源可能附带更多字段。SQLSTATE 和事务已经中止的状态是稳定的重试信号。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、隔离级别、建立快照的语句以及事务状态。确认哪个事务先提交，以及哪些读取已过期。runner 断言两个初始读取都是 `0`，first 提交后为 `IDLE`，stale 事务在回滚前为 `INERROR`。\n\n不要在失败事务上继续查询。先回滚，再以新的事务开始，并重复完整的读取、决策和写入。只重放最后一条 `UPDATE` 可能基于已经失效的快照作出决定。\n\n## 处理与修复 {#response}\n\n当操作为此设计时，应把 `40001` 当作事务重试信号：\n\n- 回滚整个失败事务并释放锁。\n- 按要求的隔离级别启动新事务，重新读取业务决策依赖的所有值。\n- 使用有限退避和最大重试次数重新执行操作。\n- 让操作具备幂等性，并在提交后验证最终业务结果。\n\n代表性重试读取 `1`、写入 `2`、以 `IDLE` 状态提交，独立读取观察到最终值 `2`。这个隔离案例中的固定赋值不能证明生产环境任意计算都可重放；应用必须从新快照重新计算。\n\n## 版本与边界 {#versions}\n\n目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 `40001`，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 到 9.1 之间记录了类别标题变化；目录保留该变化，扫描范围内条件没有其他定义变化。\n\n旧快照更新案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。源码行号和冲突 detail 会因版本和冲突类型变化。本证据只覆盖旧快照更新及其新的完整重试，不声称所有 `40001` 路径使用相同报文，也不声称所有事务都能安全重试。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n[`40P01` — `deadlock_detected`](/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/) 同样会中止事务并可能要求完整重试，但触发原因是锁环。[`23505` — `unique_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/) 是不同的完整性条件，不能自动重试。[`23503` — `foreign_key_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23503/) 可能是持久的数据关系错误。[`25P02` — `in_failed_sql_transaction`](/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/) 是失败事务回滚前的后续状态。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n结构化证据记录在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`；运行记录保留精确目标 ID 和结构化观察。\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333)\n- `src.nodeModifyTable.18.6` — [`nodeModifyTable.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605)\n- `doc.mvcc.18` — [序列化失败处理](/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)\n- Runtime：latest 与 pg10 均为 `40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909`，结构化观察见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)\n","description":"当可串行化事务无法与并发更新形成一致的提交顺序时，PostgreSQL 会报告 SQLSTATE 40001。应回滚完整事务，并从新快照开始重试。","is_stale":false,"name":"序列化失败","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e 条件。它告诉客户端，事务观察到的顺序无法与并发事务组成可串行化顺序，因此 PostgreSQL 中止冲突事务，让客户端重新执行。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例启动两个 \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e 事务，让它们读取同一值。第一个事务更新并提交；旧快照事务随后收到 \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e，进入 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e，只有 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 后才回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。新的可串行化事务读取已提交值，执行 registry 中固定的 \u003ccode\u003eSET value = 2\u003c/code\u003e 操作并提交最终结果；这证明的是事务边界，不是业务计算逻辑。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e运行 \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义与触发路径","html":"\u003cp\u003e在 \u003ccode\u003eSERIALIZABLE\u003c/code\u003e 隔离级别下，PostgreSQL 跟踪谓词和元组冲突；如果事务结果依赖一个无法串行化的顺序，就会拒绝该事务。旧事务更新之前已读取、后来被并发事务更新的行，是其中一个具体路径。SQLSTATE 说明事务结果，不说明业务操作是否应该重试。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e执行器的更新路径使用 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE_T_R_SERIALIZATION_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003ecould not serialize access due to concurrent update\u003c/code\u003e 源码报文。其他序列化冲突可能使用不同报文，恢复冲突也可能附带 detail，但仍表达事务回滚语义。应用日志应保存完整诊断以及事务的读写集合。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 与 \u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e 不同：用户主动请求的重复值不自动成为序列化失败，即使某些并发生成键的设计会产生应用认为可重试的唯一冲突。应根据操作语义和完整事务历史决定重试策略。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"报文与诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e下面的调度需要两个会话分别建立最初的快照。最后一段使用新的连接和新的可串行化快照，这是完整重试的必要部分。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eCREATE TABLE serial_rows(id integer PRIMARY KEY, value integer NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO serial_rows VALUES (1, 0);\n\n-- 在第一次提交前打开两个 SERIALIZABLE 快照。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\n\n-- first 会话读到 0；stale 会话也读到同一个 0。\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- first 会话写入 1 并提交；随后 stale 会话用旧快照写入。\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 1 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\n-- UPDATE 报告 40001，事务变为 INERROR。\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- 新的重试事务：读取新值，重新执行操作并提交。\nBEGIN ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE serial_rows SET value = 2 WHERE id = 1;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT value FROM serial_rows WHERE id = 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 返回：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: 40001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: could not serialize access due to concurrent update\nmessage_detail: \u0026lt;none\u0026gt;\nsource: nodeModifyTable.c / ExecUpdate / line 2604\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 10.21 的主报文相同，\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e 行号随版本变化。本路径没有 message_detail；其他冲突来源可能附带更多字段。SQLSTATE 和事务已经中止的状态是稳定的重试信号。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、隔离级别、建立快照的语句以及事务状态。确认哪个事务先提交，以及哪些读取已过期。runner 断言两个初始读取都是 \u003ccode\u003e0\u003c/code\u003e，first 提交后为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，stale 事务在回滚前为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e不要在失败事务上继续查询。先回滚，再以新的事务开始，并重复完整的读取、决策和写入。只重放最后一条 \u003ccode\u003eUPDATE\u003c/code\u003e 可能基于已经失效的快照作出决定。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理与修复","html":"\u003cp\u003e当操作为此设计时，应把 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 当作事务重试信号：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e回滚整个失败事务并释放锁。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e按要求的隔离级别启动新事务，重新读取业务决策依赖的所有值。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e使用有限退避和最大重试次数重新执行操作。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e让操作具备幂等性，并在提交后验证最终业务结果。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性重试读取 \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e、写入 \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e、以 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 状态提交，独立读取观察到最终值 \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e。这个隔离案例中的固定赋值不能证明生产环境任意计算都可重放；应用必须从新快照重新计算。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本与边界","html":"\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 到 9.1 之间记录了类别标题变化；目录保留该变化，扫描范围内条件没有其他定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e旧快照更新案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。源码行号和冲突 detail 会因版本和冲突类型变化。本证据只覆盖旧快照更新及其新的完整重试，不声称所有 \u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e 路径使用相同报文，也不声称所有事务都能安全重试。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40P01/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 同样会中止事务并可能要求完整重试，但触发原因是锁环。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是不同的完整性条件，不能自动重试。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 可能是持久的数据关系错误。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是失败事务回滚前的后续状态。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留精确目标 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L333\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.nodeModifyTable.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/executor/nodeModifyTable.c#L2595-L2605\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003enodeModifyTable.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\"\u003e序列化失败处理\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e40001-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"并发事务无法串行化，需回滚后重试。","title":"40001 — serialization_failure：序列化失败","translation_source_rev":"e0aa33114086ae5cfdc5ed1275427ba70ae94be49f3743b7f1e96b732054b539"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"40","class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","condition_names":["serialization_failure"],"definition_changes":[],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"3a024e38263ad77de228eed7930b842b42dc1d5cab9ca3727be8eed872ec9539","slug":"11"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"12":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1444bd6a138537cd75be88a220ee9472ac528f0cfc58758e49636d85455efe98","slug":"12"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"13":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"4a3ef8af218e5736dfde8660ba609e84233b6b3bac7e0210ff8724cf1b27b2db","slug":"13"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"14":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"1c12e83304e0f4ff64c9d98ca5e3007df6756932ed19867a4fa0e0650f6c5751","slug":"14"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"15":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"2161f58f6e87f6535b3b1f3d4661427bb6765f4f6b074fcc16fac97594b50599","slug":"15"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"16":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"928e705933d7c3d018ae3fba9d800b34e6325746d157339dce878473c519d100","slug":"16"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"17":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"serialization_failure","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"868135520af87351e3ea1ba42656111cbd2d157d98e1fef05ea158ac5729d8b1","slug":"17"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40001"},"18":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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