{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"40P01","name":"40P01","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"40","condition_name":"deadlock_detected","condition_names":["deadlock_detected"],"content_hash":"58abd6ea6af749da1125d7de68cfa1904292d1d131385465dbe5e409fb911a87","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:27.498451+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"7.4","macros":["ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED"],"name_zh":"检测到死锁","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_T_R_DEADLOCK_DETECTED","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:72247742d92f7f3aaf91240f5e22f29a345fd3f3acdbd0cbe853b5995f934d21","sqlstate":"40P01","status":"active","summary_zh":"检测到死锁，事务因等待环被选为受害者中止。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40P01","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"40P01","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:72247742d92f7f3aaf91240f5e22f29a345fd3f3acdbd0cbe853b5995f934d21","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"Transaction Rollback","condition_name":"deadlock_detected","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"40P01"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"40P01","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"40P01 — deadlock_detected：检测到死锁","Summary":"检测到死锁，事务因等待环被选为受害者中止。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e 条件。它表示锁管理器发现事务之间形成等待环，因此选择一个受害事务并中止它。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e主报文是 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock detected\u003c/code\u003e。服务器可能附带动态构造的等待图 detail、提示查看服务器日志的 hint，以及说明被中断语句的上下文。进程 ID、事务 ID 和具体等待图都随运行变化；应按 SQLSTATE 分支并保存结构化字段，不要匹配这些动态值。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例先让两个会话分别持有相反的行锁，再用 \u003ccode\u003ethreading.Barrier\u003c/code\u003e 放行两个交叉请求，同时由独立观察会话采样 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 的 \u003ccode\u003ewait_event_type=Lock\u003c/code\u003e。观察会话不负责放行请求。一个会话收到 \u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 后事务为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；幸存会话完成操作，随后两个会话都回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。新的事务按顺序取得两把行锁并提交完整重试。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e运行 \u003ccode\u003e40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察保存在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e死锁需要等待图中出现环。常见形式是会话 A 锁住第 1 行后请求第 2 行，同时会话 B 锁住第 2 行后请求第 1 行。PostgreSQL 的死锁检测器会在配置的 deadlock timeout 到期后检查锁图，\u003ccode\u003eDeadLockReport\u003c/code\u003e 随后报告该条件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e这个错误说明事务协调失败，不表示行数据损坏。受害事务的全部工作都会中止。另一个事务可能在检测器打破环后继续，但它成功完成并不意味着受害事务的预期工作已经应用。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 不等于最终成功的锁等待，也不同于由 statement timeout 引起的 \u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e。本案例观察到的 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 锁等待用于证明死锁准备顺序；服务器返回的 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock detected\u003c/code\u003e 才是最终条件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e报文与诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e下面的调度是代表性操作。应在两个连接上分别执行会话 A 和 B；两个会话先各自持有一把行锁，随后由 barrier 放行交叉请求，独立观察会话在请求等待期间采样两个 backend。观察会话不是放行条件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCREATE TABLE locks(id integer PRIMARY KEY, marker text NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO locks VALUES (1, \u0026#39;seed-1\u0026#39;), (2, \u0026#39;seed-2\u0026#39;);\n\n-- 会话 A：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 1。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = \u0026#39;100ms\u0026#39;;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;first-1\u0026#39; WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 会话 B：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 2。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = \u0026#39;100ms\u0026#39;;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;second-2\u0026#39; WHERE id = 2;\n\n-- 明确的 barrier 让两个请求同时进入锁循环。\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;first-2\u0026#39; WHERE id = 2;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;second-1\u0026#39; WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 受害事务必须 ROLLBACK；幸存事务可以 COMMIT。\nROLLBACK;\nCOMMIT;\n\n-- 新的重试连接按同一顺序取得锁，并验证两行。\nBEGIN;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;retry-1\u0026#39; WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = \u0026#39;retry-2\u0026#39; WHERE id = 2;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT id, marker FROM locks ORDER BY id;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 对受害事务返回的形状为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: 40P01\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: deadlock detected\nmessage_detail: Process \u0026lt;pid-a\u0026gt; waits for ShareLock on transaction \u0026lt;xid-b\u0026gt;; blocked by process \u0026lt;pid-b\u0026gt;.\nProcess \u0026lt;pid-b\u0026gt; waits for ShareLock on transaction \u0026lt;xid-a\u0026gt;; blocked by process \u0026lt;pid-a\u0026gt;.\nmessage_hint: See server log for query details.\ncontext: while updating tuple (0,2) in relation \u0026#34;locks\u0026#34;\nsource: deadlock.c / DeadLockReport / line 1138\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePG10 运行得到相同的主报文和字段，但源码行号随版本变化。detail 来自实时等待图，因此此处用运行时占位符表示进程和事务标识。hint 并不保证客户端一定收到对应的服务器日志条目，它是在日志已配置时指向调查位置。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、失败语句、backend PID 和事务状态。在等待仍存在时检查 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 及相关锁视图。有用的观察应包含 \u003ccode\u003ewait_event_type=Lock\u003c/code\u003e、等待事件、当前查询和参与的 PID；单纯 sleep 不能建立死锁证据。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e应根据实际应用代码及所有访问同一行或 advisory lock 的路径整理加锁顺序，并检查触发器、外键、索引或后台 worker 是否取得了额外的锁。\u003ccode\u003edeadlock_timeout\u003c/code\u003e 只控制何时检测，调大它会改变检测延迟，不能消除等待环。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e错误发生后，受害连接必须先 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e，因为此时为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；幸存连接在提交前可能为 \u003ccode\u003eINTRANS\u003c/code\u003e。runner 验证了显式清理后两者都回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，并在重试前读取了数据。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理与修复 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e回滚受害事务并释放其锁，再选择完整修复：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e让所有代码路径按一致顺序取得同一组锁，最好显式排序键值。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e缩短事务，不要在持有数据库锁时等待外部工作。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e只有在操作可重复且结果具备幂等语义时，才从头重试整个事务，包括读取和加锁。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e重试后验证已提交的业务结果；幸存事务的部分更新不能证明受害事务的工作成功。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e本案例的修复按顺序锁定第 1 行和第 2 行，提交 \u003ccode\u003eretry-1\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eretry-2\u003c/code\u003e，并在连接为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 时读取两行。生产实现仍需有限的重试预算和应用级幂等键；单凭 SQLSTATE 不能判断重复操作是否安全。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本与边界 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 头文件视图到 9.1 文本定义之间记录了类别标题变化；这只是目录观察，不是代码引入日期。扫描范围内条件行没有其他定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e双会话案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。检测时点、锁类型和 detail 取决于工作负载与设置；本页采用 SQLSTATE 及事务回滚要求作为兼容边界，而不是固定的进程 ID detail。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40001/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 同样要求从新快照开始重试完整事务。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/57014/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003equery_canceled\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 表示取消，不表示锁环。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是可能出现在锁顺序需要复核的事务中的完整性条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是受害事务中止后出现的后续状态。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。所有源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留各目标的精确 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L334\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.deadlock.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/storage/lmgr/deadlock.c#L1071-L1138\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edeadlock.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e死锁与序列化失败\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:72247742d92f7f3aaf91240f5e22f29a345fd3f3acdbd0cbe853b5995f934d21","ContentHash":"73031f5b0d057338a25585a53fd194af9ff693d2826631aaad40c8266abd68ea","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`40P01` 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 `transaction_rollback` 中的 `deadlock_detected` 条件。它表示锁管理器发现事务之间形成等待环，因此选择一个受害事务并中止它。\n\n主报文是 `deadlock detected`。服务器可能附带动态构造的等待图 detail、提示查看服务器日志的 hint，以及说明被中断语句的上下文。进程 ID、事务 ID 和具体等待图都随运行变化；应按 SQLSTATE 分支并保存结构化字段，不要匹配这些动态值。\n\n代表性案例先让两个会话分别持有相反的行锁，再用 `threading.Barrier` 放行两个交叉请求，同时由独立观察会话采样 `pg_stat_activity` 的 `wait_event_type=Lock`。观察会话不负责放行请求。一个会话收到 `40P01` 后事务为 `INERROR`；幸存会话完成操作，随后两个会话都回到 `IDLE`。新的事务按顺序取得两把行锁并提交完整重试。\n\n运行 `40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909` 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察保存在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。\n\n\n## 含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\n\n死锁需要等待图中出现环。常见形式是会话 A 锁住第 1 行后请求第 2 行，同时会话 B 锁住第 2 行后请求第 1 行。PostgreSQL 的死锁检测器会在配置的 deadlock timeout 到期后检查锁图，`DeadLockReport` 随后报告该条件。\n\n这个错误说明事务协调失败，不表示行数据损坏。受害事务的全部工作都会中止。另一个事务可能在检测器打破环后继续，但它成功完成并不意味着受害事务的预期工作已经应用。\n\n`40P01` 不等于最终成功的锁等待，也不同于由 statement timeout 引起的 `57014`。本案例观察到的 `pg_stat_activity` 锁等待用于证明死锁准备顺序；服务器返回的 `deadlock detected` 才是最终条件。\n\n## 报文与诊断 {#messages}\n\n下面的调度是代表性操作。应在两个连接上分别执行会话 A 和 B；两个会话先各自持有一把行锁，随后由 barrier 放行交叉请求，独立观察会话在请求等待期间采样两个 backend。观察会话不是放行条件。\n\n```sql\nCREATE TABLE locks(id integer PRIMARY KEY, marker text NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO locks VALUES (1, 'seed-1'), (2, 'seed-2');\n\n-- 会话 A：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 1。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = '100ms';\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'first-1' WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 会话 B：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 2。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = '100ms';\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'second-2' WHERE id = 2;\n\n-- 明确的 barrier 让两个请求同时进入锁循环。\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'first-2' WHERE id = 2;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'second-1' WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 受害事务必须 ROLLBACK；幸存事务可以 COMMIT。\nROLLBACK;\nCOMMIT;\n\n-- 新的重试连接按同一顺序取得锁，并验证两行。\nBEGIN;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'retry-1' WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'retry-2' WHERE id = 2;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT id, marker FROM locks ORDER BY id;\n```\n\nPostgreSQL 18.6 对受害事务返回的形状为：\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: 40P01\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: deadlock detected\nmessage_detail: Process \u003cpid-a\u003e waits for ShareLock on transaction \u003cxid-b\u003e; blocked by process \u003cpid-b\u003e.\nProcess \u003cpid-b\u003e waits for ShareLock on transaction \u003cxid-a\u003e; blocked by process \u003cpid-a\u003e.\nmessage_hint: See server log for query details.\ncontext: while updating tuple (0,2) in relation \"locks\"\nsource: deadlock.c / DeadLockReport / line 1138\n```\n\nPG10 运行得到相同的主报文和字段，但源码行号随版本变化。detail 来自实时等待图，因此此处用运行时占位符表示进程和事务标识。hint 并不保证客户端一定收到对应的服务器日志条目，它是在日志已配置时指向调查位置。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、失败语句、backend PID 和事务状态。在等待仍存在时检查 `pg_stat_activity` 及相关锁视图。有用的观察应包含 `wait_event_type=Lock`、等待事件、当前查询和参与的 PID；单纯 sleep 不能建立死锁证据。\n\n应根据实际应用代码及所有访问同一行或 advisory lock 的路径整理加锁顺序，并检查触发器、外键、索引或后台 worker 是否取得了额外的锁。`deadlock_timeout` 只控制何时检测，调大它会改变检测延迟，不能消除等待环。\n\n错误发生后，受害连接必须先 `ROLLBACK`，因为此时为 `INERROR`；幸存连接在提交前可能为 `INTRANS`。runner 验证了显式清理后两者都回到 `IDLE`，并在重试前读取了数据。\n\n## 处理与修复 {#response}\n\n回滚受害事务并释放其锁，再选择完整修复：\n\n- 让所有代码路径按一致顺序取得同一组锁，最好显式排序键值。\n- 缩短事务，不要在持有数据库锁时等待外部工作。\n- 只有在操作可重复且结果具备幂等语义时，才从头重试整个事务，包括读取和加锁。\n- 重试后验证已提交的业务结果；幸存事务的部分更新不能证明受害事务的工作成功。\n\n本案例的修复按顺序锁定第 1 行和第 2 行，提交 `retry-1`、`retry-2`，并在连接为 `IDLE` 时读取两行。生产实现仍需有限的重试预算和应用级幂等键；单凭 SQLSTATE 不能判断重复操作是否安全。\n\n## 版本与边界 {#versions}\n\n目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 `40P01`，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 头文件视图到 9.1 文本定义之间记录了类别标题变化；这只是目录观察，不是代码引入日期。扫描范围内条件行没有其他定义变化。\n\n双会话案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。检测时点、锁类型和 detail 取决于工作负载与设置；本页采用 SQLSTATE 及事务回滚要求作为兼容边界，而不是固定的进程 ID detail。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n[`40001` — `serialization_failure`](/wiki/sqlstate/40001/) 同样要求从新快照开始重试完整事务。[`57014` — `query_canceled`](/wiki/sqlstate/57014/) 表示取消，不表示锁环。[`23503` — `foreign_key_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23503/) 和 [`23505` — `unique_violation`](/wiki/sqlstate/23505/) 是可能出现在锁顺序需要复核的事务中的完整性条件。[`25P02` — `in_failed_sql_transaction`](/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/) 是受害事务中止后出现的后续状态。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n结构化证据记录在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。所有源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`；运行记录保留各目标的精确 ID 和结构化观察。\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L334)\n- `src.deadlock.18.6` — [`deadlock.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/storage/lmgr/deadlock.c#L1071-L1138)\n- `doc.mvcc.18` — [死锁与序列化失败](/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html)\n- Runtime：latest 与 pg10 均为 `40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909`，结构化观察见[公开证据 JSON](#sources)\n","description":"当事务形成锁等待环时，PostgreSQL 会报告 SQLSTATE 40P01。应回滚受害事务、统一加锁顺序，并且只在业务语义允许时重试完整操作。","is_stale":false,"name":"检测到死锁","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 类别 40 \u003ccode\u003etransaction_rollback\u003c/code\u003e 中的 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock_detected\u003c/code\u003e 条件。它表示锁管理器发现事务之间形成等待环，因此选择一个受害事务并中止它。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e主报文是 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock detected\u003c/code\u003e。服务器可能附带动态构造的等待图 detail、提示查看服务器日志的 hint，以及说明被中断语句的上下文。进程 ID、事务 ID 和具体等待图都随运行变化；应按 SQLSTATE 分支并保存结构化字段，不要匹配这些动态值。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例先让两个会话分别持有相反的行锁，再用 \u003ccode\u003ethreading.Barrier\u003c/code\u003e 放行两个交叉请求，同时由独立观察会话采样 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 的 \u003ccode\u003ewait_event_type=Lock\u003c/code\u003e。观察会话不负责放行请求。一个会话收到 \u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 后事务为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；幸存会话完成操作，随后两个会话都回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e。新的事务按顺序取得两把行锁并提交完整重试。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e运行 \u003ccode\u003e40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和隔离的 PostgreSQL 10.21 上均通过。逐目标断言和结构化观察保存在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义与触发路径","html":"\u003cp\u003e死锁需要等待图中出现环。常见形式是会话 A 锁住第 1 行后请求第 2 行，同时会话 B 锁住第 2 行后请求第 1 行。PostgreSQL 的死锁检测器会在配置的 deadlock timeout 到期后检查锁图，\u003ccode\u003eDeadLockReport\u003c/code\u003e 随后报告该条件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e这个错误说明事务协调失败，不表示行数据损坏。受害事务的全部工作都会中止。另一个事务可能在检测器打破环后继续，但它成功完成并不意味着受害事务的预期工作已经应用。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e 不等于最终成功的锁等待，也不同于由 statement timeout 引起的 \u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e。本案例观察到的 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 锁等待用于证明死锁准备顺序；服务器返回的 \u003ccode\u003edeadlock detected\u003c/code\u003e 才是最终条件。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"报文与诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e下面的调度是代表性操作。应在两个连接上分别执行会话 A 和 B；两个会话先各自持有一把行锁，随后由 barrier 放行交叉请求，独立观察会话在请求等待期间采样两个 backend。观察会话不是放行条件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eCREATE TABLE locks(id integer PRIMARY KEY, marker text NOT NULL);\nINSERT INTO locks VALUES (1, 'seed-1'), (2, 'seed-2');\n\n-- 会话 A：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 1。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = '100ms';\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'first-1' WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 会话 B：开始事务、设置 deadlock_timeout，并锁住 id = 2。\nBEGIN;\nSET deadlock_timeout = '100ms';\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'second-2' WHERE id = 2;\n\n-- 明确的 barrier 让两个请求同时进入锁循环。\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'first-2' WHERE id = 2;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'second-1' WHERE id = 1;\n\n-- 受害事务必须 ROLLBACK；幸存事务可以 COMMIT。\nROLLBACK;\nCOMMIT;\n\n-- 新的重试连接按同一顺序取得锁，并验证两行。\nBEGIN;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'retry-1' WHERE id = 1;\nUPDATE locks SET marker = 'retry-2' WHERE id = 2;\nCOMMIT;\nSELECT id, marker FROM locks ORDER BY id;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostgreSQL 18.6 对受害事务返回的形状为：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: 40P01\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: deadlock detected\nmessage_detail: Process \u0026lt;pid-a\u0026gt; waits for ShareLock on transaction \u0026lt;xid-b\u0026gt;; blocked by process \u0026lt;pid-b\u0026gt;.\nProcess \u0026lt;pid-b\u0026gt; waits for ShareLock on transaction \u0026lt;xid-a\u0026gt;; blocked by process \u0026lt;pid-a\u0026gt;.\nmessage_hint: See server log for query details.\ncontext: while updating tuple (0,2) in relation \u0026quot;locks\u0026quot;\nsource: deadlock.c / DeadLockReport / line 1138\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePG10 运行得到相同的主报文和字段，但源码行号随版本变化。detail 来自实时等待图，因此此处用运行时占位符表示进程和事务标识。hint 并不保证客户端一定收到对应的服务器日志条目，它是在日志已配置时指向调查位置。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e记录 SQLSTATE、严重级别、主报文、detail、hint、上下文、失败语句、backend PID 和事务状态。在等待仍存在时检查 \u003ccode\u003epg_stat_activity\u003c/code\u003e 及相关锁视图。有用的观察应包含 \u003ccode\u003ewait_event_type=Lock\u003c/code\u003e、等待事件、当前查询和参与的 PID；单纯 sleep 不能建立死锁证据。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e应根据实际应用代码及所有访问同一行或 advisory lock 的路径整理加锁顺序，并检查触发器、外键、索引或后台 worker 是否取得了额外的锁。\u003ccode\u003edeadlock_timeout\u003c/code\u003e 只控制何时检测，调大它会改变检测延迟，不能消除等待环。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e错误发生后，受害连接必须先 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e，因为此时为 \u003ccode\u003eINERROR\u003c/code\u003e；幸存连接在提交前可能为 \u003ccode\u003eINTRANS\u003c/code\u003e。runner 验证了显式清理后两者都回到 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，并在重试前读取了数据。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理与修复","html":"\u003cp\u003e回滚受害事务并释放其锁，再选择完整修复：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e让所有代码路径按一致顺序取得同一组锁，最好显式排序键值。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e缩短事务，不要在持有数据库锁时等待外部工作。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e只有在操作可重复且结果具备幂等语义时，才从头重试整个事务，包括读取和加锁。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e重试后验证已提交的业务结果；幸存事务的部分更新不能证明受害事务的工作成功。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e本案例的修复按顺序锁定第 1 行和第 2 行，提交 \u003ccode\u003eretry-1\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eretry-2\u003c/code\u003e，并在连接为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e 时读取两行。生产实现仍需有限的重试预算和应用级幂等键；单凭 SQLSTATE 不能判断重复操作是否安全。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本与边界","html":"\u003cp\u003e目录在 PostgreSQL 7.4 的锁定定义中已观察到 \u003ccode\u003e40P01\u003c/code\u003e，并持续到 8.4.22 的 pre-9.0 定义；随后在列出的所有正式快照直到 PostgreSQL 18.6 以及 PostgreSQL 19 Beta 3 预览中存在。这是 definition_only 的存在边界，不是确切实现引入版本或运行时使用断言。9.0 头文件视图到 9.1 文本定义之间记录了类别标题变化；这只是目录观察，不是代码引入日期。扫描范围内条件行没有其他定义变化。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e双会话案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上均通过。检测时点、锁类型和 detail 取决于工作负载与设置；本页采用 SQLSTATE 及事务回滚要求作为兼容边界，而不是固定的进程 ID detail。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/40001/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e40001\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eserialization_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 同样要求从新快照开始重试完整事务。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/57014/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e57014\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003equery_canceled\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 表示取消，不表示锁环。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23503/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23503\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eforeign_key_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/23505/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e23505\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eunique_violation\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是可能出现在锁顺序需要复核的事务中的完整性条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是受害事务中止后出现的后续状态。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。所有源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留各目标的精确 ID 和结构化观察。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L329-L334\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.deadlock.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/storage/lmgr/deadlock.c#L1071-L1138\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edeadlock.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.mvcc.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html\"\u003e死锁与序列化失败\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRuntime：latest 与 pg10 均为 \u003ccode\u003e40P01-manual-boundary-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e，结构化观察见\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"检测到死锁，事务因等待环被选为受害者中止。","title":"40P01 — deadlock_detected：检测到死锁","translation_source_rev":"5ccc8baf329df02acc0732c5dc14a6fa0863d6cf0efe0a9743838bd9803c20ff"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"7.4","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap 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in a PostgreSQL release definition file is established; runtime throw/use scanning is maintained 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