{"Entry":{"collection":"sqlstate","key":"P0001","name":"P0001","aliases":[],"metadata":{"aliases":[],"case_count":1,"class_code":"P0","condition_name":"raise_exception","condition_names":["raise_exception"],"content_hash":"847bbd38473805fd3393431c4b186043c4aef7d312514dd23c858a4f14d3d66a","depth":"full","editorial_review":"reviewed","evidence_tier":"observed_runtime","imported_at":"2026-09-30T17:45:28.138012+08:00","introduced":null,"known_present_by":"8.0.0","macros":["ERRCODE_RAISE_EXCEPTION"],"name_zh":"引发异常","present_in":["9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6","10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19"],"preview_in":["19"],"primary_macro":"ERRCODE_RAISE_EXCEPTION","removed":null,"runtime_verification":"passed","severity_classes":["E"],"snippet_count":1,"source_rev":"english-manuals:0407dc4e5a74bde39aa00848c070b44f4cbf5c40b84ac0bccb5f9be3e53e3a62","sqlstate":"P0001","status":"active","summary_zh":"RAISE EXCEPTION 未指定条件名或代码时的默认码。"}},"Definition":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"P0001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"18","SourceTable":"sqlstate","SourceKey":"P0001","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:0407dc4e5a74bde39aa00848c070b44f4cbf5c40b84ac0bccb5f9be3e53e3a62","Facts":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"PL/pgSQL Error","condition_name":"raise_exception","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"P0001"},"ManualEvidence":{"doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"56dacf78e618ff0fd8c533e05db597b80d7ebbad7f8e512a888217d0640aa328","slug":"18"}},"MeasuredEvidence":{}},"Text":{"Collection":"sqlstate","Key":"P0001","SourceDatabase":"center","Version":"","Locale":"zh-Hans","Title":"P0001 — raise_exception（引发异常）","Summary":"RAISE EXCEPTION 未指定条件名或代码时的默认码。","BodyHTML":"\u003ch2\u003e速览 {#at-a-glance}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 专用类别 P0（\u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e）中的 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 条件。不写条件名、也不写显式 SQLSTATE 的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 会默认使用这个代码。报文由函数作者提供，因此 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 通常是应用或过程的控制信号，而不是某个服务器子系统的诊断。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e严重级别和代码是两个选择。\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 是 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 的默认级别，通常会中止当前事务。\u003ccode\u003eNOTICE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eWARNING\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eINFO\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eLOG\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eDEBUG\u003c/code\u003e 只按对应优先级生成消息；显式的 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE\u003c/code\u003e 也可以选择其他 SQLSTATE。读取时应始终同时记录严重级别和 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例 \u003ccode\u003eplpgsql_raise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 创建包含 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION \u0026#39;calibration exception\u0026#39;\u003c/code\u003e 的函数，调用它，再在同一自动提交连接上执行 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e。PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 都返回 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e、保留该报文，连接状态为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，并接受后续查询。下面的 SQL 摘录是共享注册表中的完整有序函数、调用和后续语句；实际运行中的模式限定函数名和清理由测试执行器统一管理。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.6 目录把 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 放在 PostgreSQL 专用的 P0 类 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e 中，并命名为 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e。在 PL/pgSQL 执行器中，只有在未提供代码且级别不低于 \u003ccode\u003eERROR\u003c/code\u003e 时才设置默认代码；之后执行器会报告调用方的报文，并附带可选的详细信息、提示和对象字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e语法支持几条不同路径：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION \u0026#39;message\u0026#39;\u003c/code\u003e 默认使用 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION condition_name\u003c/code\u003e 使用该条件自己的 SQLSTATE，因此不一定是 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION SQLSTATE \u0026#39;5-character-code\u0026#39;\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE ... USING ERRCODE = ...\u003c/code\u003e 可以让过程暴露特定领域契约。除 \u003ccode\u003e00000\u003c/code\u003e 外，PostgreSQL 允许使用自选的五字符代码。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e较低级别的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE WARNING \u0026#39;message\u0026#39;\u003c/code\u003e 只按该优先级送出消息。即使调用方显式选择了错误码，它也不是 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 的同一种事务事件。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e无参数的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE;\u003c/code\u003e 是活动异常处理器中的重新抛出控制。它的行为和 SQLSTATE 由正在重新抛出的异常决定，不是一次新的默认 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 事件。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e报文与诊断 {#messages}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性注册表操作如下：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eCREATE FUNCTION raise_exception_case() RETURNS void\nLANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$\nBEGIN\n    RAISE EXCEPTION \u0026#39;calibration exception\u0026#39;;\nEND\n$$;\nSELECT raise_exception_case();\nSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e实际运行的函数名由测试执行器生成并带模式限定。18.6 观察到的诊断是：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE: P0001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: calibration exception\ncontext: PL/pgSQL function ...raise_exception_case() line 3 at RAISE\nsource: pl_exec.c / exec_stmt_raise / line 3923\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 没有统一的英文主报文，具体内容由函数提供。\u003ccode\u003eUSING MESSAGE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eDETAIL\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eHINT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eCOLUMN\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eCONSTRAINT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eDATATYPE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eTABLE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eSCHEMA\u003c/code\u003e 可以添加结构化诊断。消息文本可以本地化而 SQLSTATE 保持不变，因此应按 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 分支，再读取结构化字段，不要解析主报文字符串。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e诊断 {#diagnosis}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e先判断该代码是否来自有意的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e，还是函数显式选择了某个领域条件。记录 SQLSTATE、本地化和未本地化严重级别、主报文、详细信息、提示、上下文、源码位置以及调用函数的语句。在 PL/pgSQL 处理器中，\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eSQLERRM\u003c/code\u003e 表示当前异常，\u003ccode\u003eGET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS\u003c/code\u003e 可以取出其字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e随后定位函数分支及其事务上下文。自动提交下的失败调用只结束该语句，连接仍可执行下一条命令，代表性案例正是如此。显式事务中的调用通常会让事务进入中止状态，直到客户端执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或回滚到保存点；服务器连接本身不一定终止。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 子句会改变边界。受保护主体在子事务中运行；主体出错后，主体内对持久数据库状态的修改会先回滚，再执行第一个匹配的条件处理器，块外的修改仍保留。\u003ccode\u003eWHEN OTHERS\u003c/code\u003e 匹配除 \u003ccode\u003eQUERY_CANCELED\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eASSERT_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e 以外的所有错误，范围很宽，不能用它代替对目标 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 路径的识别。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e处理 {#response}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e当过程确实要暴露通用的 PL/pgSQL \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 契约时使用 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。如果调用方需要区分校验、冲突、配额或其他业务结果，应选择并记录合适的 SQLSTATE，并补充便于处理的 \u003ccode\u003eDETAIL\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eHINT\u003c/code\u003e。不要为了简化应用代码就把无关的服务器错误都改成 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e在客户端边界，显式事务需要先回滚后再执行无关命令；如果可以隔离函数调用，则使用保存点。在 PL/pgSQL 中，恢复逻辑明确时优先使用 \u003ccode\u003eWHEN raise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eWHEN SQLSTATE \u0026#39;P0001\u0026#39;\u003c/code\u003e 这样的窄处理器。如果确实需要宽处理器，请先保存 \u003ccode\u003eRETURNED_SQLSTATE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eMESSAGE_TEXT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003ePG_EXCEPTION_DETAIL\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003ePG_EXCEPTION_HINT\u003c/code\u003e 和上下文，再决定继续还是重新抛出。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e自然的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 案例可以安全演示，因为它测试的正是预期的 PL/pgSQL 机制。这并不使 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 成为服务器故障证据；它是函数明确引发的异常。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e版本 {#versions}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e目录记录 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 存在于锁定的 8.0.0–8.4.22 pre-9.0 正式源码、9.0.23 至 18.6 的全部正式快照及 19 Beta 3 预览快照。同 tag 的 \u003ccode\u003eREL8_1_4\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.sgml\u003c/code\u003e 表已经列出 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 和条件名 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e，因此至少可以确认 8.1.4 已有该条件名。9.0 头文件视图中的类标题为 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error (PostgreSQL-specific error class)\u003c/code\u003e，到 9.1 的文本定义变为 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e。7.0–7.3 仍有候选源码缺口；这些是目录观察边界，不是实现引入日期的断言。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.6 固定源码 commit 为 \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e。默认 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 规则有 PostgreSQL 18 文档和 18.6 执行器源码两方面依据。代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过；它没有覆盖每一种自定义代码、处理器或事务模式。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e相关 {#related}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0000/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0000\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eplpgsql_error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是更宽的 PL/pgSQL 专用类条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0002/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0002\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eno_data_found\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e、\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0003/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0003\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003etoo_many_rows\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0004/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0004\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eassert_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是独立的 P0 条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 描述未处理异常中止显式事务后的后续状态。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/XX000/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eXX000\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003einternal_error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是服务器内部错误代码，不应作为有意 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 的同义词。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e来源 {#sources}\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留共享注册表、两个目标摘要和 \u003ccode\u003eP0001-snippet-registry-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 运行 ID。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L487-L494\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.pl-exec.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/pl/plpgsql/src/pl_exec.c#L3889-L3923\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003epl_exec.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.plpgsql.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eErrors and Messages\u003c/a\u003e 与 \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/plpgsql-control-structures.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eError Trapping\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eError and Notice Message Fields\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.transactions.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/tutorial-transactions.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eTransactions\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n","SourceRevision":"english-manuals:0407dc4e5a74bde39aa00848c070b44f4cbf5c40b84ac0bccb5f9be3e53e3a62","ContentHash":"888859108894058a41fda8283a50466f3f4b5807982524d073a5496531acb5f1","Payload":{"body_md":"\n## 速览 {#at-a-glance}\n\n`P0001` 是 PostgreSQL 专用类别 P0（`PL/pgSQL Error`）中的 `raise_exception` 条件。不写条件名、也不写显式 SQLSTATE 的 `RAISE EXCEPTION` 会默认使用这个代码。报文由函数作者提供，因此 `P0001` 通常是应用或过程的控制信号，而不是某个服务器子系统的诊断。\n\n严重级别和代码是两个选择。`EXCEPTION` 是 `RAISE` 的默认级别，通常会中止当前事务。`NOTICE`、`WARNING`、`INFO`、`LOG` 和 `DEBUG` 只按对应优先级生成消息；显式的 `ERRCODE` 也可以选择其他 SQLSTATE。读取时应始终同时记录严重级别和 SQLSTATE。\n\n代表性案例 `plpgsql_raise_exception` 创建包含 `RAISE EXCEPTION 'calibration exception'` 的函数，调用它，再在同一自动提交连接上执行 `SELECT 1`。PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 都返回 `P0001`、保留该报文，连接状态为 `IDLE`，并接受后续查询。下面的 SQL 摘录是共享注册表中的完整有序函数、调用和后续语句；实际运行中的模式限定函数名和清理由测试执行器统一管理。\n\n\n## 含义与触发路径 {#meaning}\n\n18.6 目录把 `P0001` 放在 PostgreSQL 专用的 P0 类 `PL/pgSQL Error` 中，并命名为 `raise_exception`。在 PL/pgSQL 执行器中，只有在未提供代码且级别不低于 `ERROR` 时才设置默认代码；之后执行器会报告调用方的报文，并附带可选的详细信息、提示和对象字段。\n\n语法支持几条不同路径：\n\n- `RAISE EXCEPTION 'message'` 默认使用 `P0001`。\n- `RAISE EXCEPTION condition_name` 使用该条件自己的 SQLSTATE，因此不一定是 `P0001`。\n- `RAISE EXCEPTION SQLSTATE '5-character-code'` 或 `RAISE ... USING ERRCODE = ...` 可以让过程暴露特定领域契约。除 `00000` 外，PostgreSQL 允许使用自选的五字符代码。\n- 较低级别的 `RAISE WARNING 'message'` 只按该优先级送出消息。即使调用方显式选择了错误码，它也不是 `RAISE EXCEPTION` 的同一种事务事件。\n\n无参数的 `RAISE;` 是活动异常处理器中的重新抛出控制。它的行为和 SQLSTATE 由正在重新抛出的异常决定，不是一次新的默认 `P0001` 事件。\n\n## 报文与诊断 {#messages}\n\n代表性注册表操作如下：\n\n```sql\nCREATE FUNCTION raise_exception_case() RETURNS void\nLANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$\nBEGIN\n    RAISE EXCEPTION 'calibration exception';\nEND\n$$;\nSELECT raise_exception_case();\nSELECT 1;\n```\n\n实际运行的函数名由测试执行器生成并带模式限定。18.6 观察到的诊断是：\n\n```text\nSQLSTATE: P0001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: calibration exception\ncontext: PL/pgSQL function ...raise_exception_case() line 3 at RAISE\nsource: pl_exec.c / exec_stmt_raise / line 3923\n```\n\n`P0001` 没有统一的英文主报文，具体内容由函数提供。`USING MESSAGE`、`DETAIL`、`HINT`、`COLUMN`、`CONSTRAINT`、`DATATYPE`、`TABLE` 和 `SCHEMA` 可以添加结构化诊断。消息文本可以本地化而 SQLSTATE 保持不变，因此应按 `P0001` 分支，再读取结构化字段，不要解析主报文字符串。\n\n## 诊断 {#diagnosis}\n\n先判断该代码是否来自有意的 `RAISE EXCEPTION`，还是函数显式选择了某个领域条件。记录 SQLSTATE、本地化和未本地化严重级别、主报文、详细信息、提示、上下文、源码位置以及调用函数的语句。在 PL/pgSQL 处理器中，`SQLSTATE` 和 `SQLERRM` 表示当前异常，`GET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS` 可以取出其字段。\n\n随后定位函数分支及其事务上下文。自动提交下的失败调用只结束该语句，连接仍可执行下一条命令，代表性案例正是如此。显式事务中的调用通常会让事务进入中止状态，直到客户端执行 `ROLLBACK` 或回滚到保存点；服务器连接本身不一定终止。\n\n`EXCEPTION` 子句会改变边界。受保护主体在子事务中运行；主体出错后，主体内对持久数据库状态的修改会先回滚，再执行第一个匹配的条件处理器，块外的修改仍保留。`WHEN OTHERS` 匹配除 `QUERY_CANCELED` 和 `ASSERT_FAILURE` 以外的所有错误，范围很宽，不能用它代替对目标 `P0001` 路径的识别。\n\n## 处理 {#response}\n\n当过程确实要暴露通用的 PL/pgSQL `RAISE` 契约时使用 `P0001`。如果调用方需要区分校验、冲突、配额或其他业务结果，应选择并记录合适的 SQLSTATE，并补充便于处理的 `DETAIL` 或 `HINT`。不要为了简化应用代码就把无关的服务器错误都改成 `P0001`。\n\n在客户端边界，显式事务需要先回滚后再执行无关命令；如果可以隔离函数调用，则使用保存点。在 PL/pgSQL 中，恢复逻辑明确时优先使用 `WHEN raise_exception` 或 `WHEN SQLSTATE 'P0001'` 这样的窄处理器。如果确实需要宽处理器，请先保存 `RETURNED_SQLSTATE`、`MESSAGE_TEXT`、`PG_EXCEPTION_DETAIL`、`PG_EXCEPTION_HINT` 和上下文，再决定继续还是重新抛出。\n\n自然的 `RAISE EXCEPTION` 案例可以安全演示，因为它测试的正是预期的 PL/pgSQL 机制。这并不使 `P0001` 成为服务器故障证据；它是函数明确引发的异常。\n\n## 版本 {#versions}\n\n目录记录 `P0001` 存在于锁定的 8.0.0–8.4.22 pre-9.0 正式源码、9.0.23 至 18.6 的全部正式快照及 19 Beta 3 预览快照。同 tag 的 `REL8_1_4` `errcodes.sgml` 表已经列出 `P0001` 和条件名 `raise_exception`，因此至少可以确认 8.1.4 已有该条件名。9.0 头文件视图中的类标题为 `PL/pgSQL Error (PostgreSQL-specific error class)`，到 9.1 的文本定义变为 `PL/pgSQL Error`。7.0–7.3 仍有候选源码缺口；这些是目录观察边界，不是实现引入日期的断言。\n\n18.6 固定源码 commit 为 `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`。默认 `RAISE EXCEPTION` 规则有 PostgreSQL 18 文档和 18.6 执行器源码两方面依据。代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过；它没有覆盖每一种自定义代码、处理器或事务模式。\n\n## 相关 {#related}\n\n[`P0000` — `plpgsql_error`](/wiki/sqlstate/P0000/) 是更宽的 PL/pgSQL 专用类条件。[`P0002` — `no_data_found`](/wiki/sqlstate/P0002/)、[`P0003` — `too_many_rows`](/wiki/sqlstate/P0003/) 和 [`P0004` — `assert_failure`](/wiki/sqlstate/P0004/) 是独立的 P0 条件。[`25P02` — `in_failed_sql_transaction`](/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/) 描述未处理异常中止显式事务后的后续状态。[`XX000` — `internal_error`](/wiki/sqlstate/XX000/) 是服务器内部错误代码，不应作为有意 `RAISE` 的同义词。\n\n## 来源 {#sources}\n\n结构化证据记录在[公开证据 JSON](#sources)中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit `724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7`；运行记录保留共享注册表、两个目标摘要和 `P0001-snippet-registry-final-20260909` 运行 ID。\n\n- `src.errcodes.18.6` — [`errcodes.txt`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L487-L494)\n- `src.pl-exec.18.6` — [`pl_exec.c`](https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/pl/plpgsql/src/pl_exec.c#L3889-L3923)\n- `doc.plpgsql.18` — [Errors and Messages](/docs/18/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html) 与 [Error Trapping](/docs/18/plpgsql-control-structures.html)\n- `doc.protocol.18` — [Error and Notice Message Fields](/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html)\n- `doc.transactions.18` — [Transactions](/docs/18/tutorial-transactions.html)\n","description":"PostgreSQL 使用 SQLSTATE P0001 表示没有显式条件名或 SQLSTATE 的 PL/pgSQL RAISE EXCEPTION。应按应用控制流诊断，并在正确的事务边界恢复。","is_stale":false,"name":"引发异常","sections":[{"anchor":"at-a-glance","heading":"速览","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 是 PostgreSQL 专用类别 P0（\u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e）中的 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 条件。不写条件名、也不写显式 SQLSTATE 的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 会默认使用这个代码。报文由函数作者提供，因此 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 通常是应用或过程的控制信号，而不是某个服务器子系统的诊断。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e严重级别和代码是两个选择。\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 是 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 的默认级别，通常会中止当前事务。\u003ccode\u003eNOTICE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eWARNING\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eINFO\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eLOG\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eDEBUG\u003c/code\u003e 只按对应优先级生成消息；显式的 \u003ccode\u003eERRCODE\u003c/code\u003e 也可以选择其他 SQLSTATE。读取时应始终同时记录严重级别和 SQLSTATE。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e代表性案例 \u003ccode\u003eplpgsql_raise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 创建包含 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION 'calibration exception'\u003c/code\u003e 的函数，调用它，再在同一自动提交连接上执行 \u003ccode\u003eSELECT 1\u003c/code\u003e。PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 都返回 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e、保留该报文，连接状态为 \u003ccode\u003eIDLE\u003c/code\u003e，并接受后续查询。下面的 SQL 摘录是共享注册表中的完整有序函数、调用和后续语句；实际运行中的模式限定函数名和清理由测试执行器统一管理。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"meaning","heading":"含义与触发路径","html":"\u003cp\u003e18.6 目录把 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 放在 PostgreSQL 专用的 P0 类 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e 中，并命名为 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e。在 PL/pgSQL 执行器中，只有在未提供代码且级别不低于 \u003ccode\u003eERROR\u003c/code\u003e 时才设置默认代码；之后执行器会报告调用方的报文，并附带可选的详细信息、提示和对象字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e语法支持几条不同路径：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION 'message'\u003c/code\u003e 默认使用 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION condition_name\u003c/code\u003e 使用该条件自己的 SQLSTATE，因此不一定是 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION SQLSTATE '5-character-code'\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE ... USING ERRCODE = ...\u003c/code\u003e 可以让过程暴露特定领域契约。除 \u003ccode\u003e00000\u003c/code\u003e 外，PostgreSQL 允许使用自选的五字符代码。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e较低级别的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE WARNING 'message'\u003c/code\u003e 只按该优先级送出消息。即使调用方显式选择了错误码，它也不是 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 的同一种事务事件。\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e无参数的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE;\u003c/code\u003e 是活动异常处理器中的重新抛出控制。它的行为和 SQLSTATE 由正在重新抛出的异常决定，不是一次新的默认 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 事件。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"messages","heading":"报文与诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e代表性注册表操作如下：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-sql\"\u003eCREATE FUNCTION raise_exception_case() RETURNS void\nLANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$\nBEGIN\n    RAISE EXCEPTION 'calibration exception';\nEND\n$$;\nSELECT raise_exception_case();\nSELECT 1;\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e实际运行的函数名由测试执行器生成并带模式限定。18.6 观察到的诊断是：\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e\u003ccode class=\"language-text\"\u003eSQLSTATE: P0001\nseverity: ERROR\nmessage_primary: calibration exception\ncontext: PL/pgSQL function ...raise_exception_case() line 3 at RAISE\nsource: pl_exec.c / exec_stmt_raise / line 3923\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 没有统一的英文主报文，具体内容由函数提供。\u003ccode\u003eUSING MESSAGE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eDETAIL\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eHINT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eCOLUMN\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eCONSTRAINT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eDATATYPE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eTABLE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eSCHEMA\u003c/code\u003e 可以添加结构化诊断。消息文本可以本地化而 SQLSTATE 保持不变，因此应按 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 分支，再读取结构化字段，不要解析主报文字符串。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"diagnosis","heading":"诊断","html":"\u003cp\u003e先判断该代码是否来自有意的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e，还是函数显式选择了某个领域条件。记录 SQLSTATE、本地化和未本地化严重级别、主报文、详细信息、提示、上下文、源码位置以及调用函数的语句。在 PL/pgSQL 处理器中，\u003ccode\u003eSQLSTATE\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eSQLERRM\u003c/code\u003e 表示当前异常，\u003ccode\u003eGET STACKED DIAGNOSTICS\u003c/code\u003e 可以取出其字段。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e随后定位函数分支及其事务上下文。自动提交下的失败调用只结束该语句，连接仍可执行下一条命令，代表性案例正是如此。显式事务中的调用通常会让事务进入中止状态，直到客户端执行 \u003ccode\u003eROLLBACK\u003c/code\u003e 或回滚到保存点；服务器连接本身不一定终止。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ccode\u003eEXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 子句会改变边界。受保护主体在子事务中运行；主体出错后，主体内对持久数据库状态的修改会先回滚，再执行第一个匹配的条件处理器，块外的修改仍保留。\u003ccode\u003eWHEN OTHERS\u003c/code\u003e 匹配除 \u003ccode\u003eQUERY_CANCELED\u003c/code\u003e 和 \u003ccode\u003eASSERT_FAILURE\u003c/code\u003e 以外的所有错误，范围很宽，不能用它代替对目标 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 路径的识别。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"response","heading":"处理","html":"\u003cp\u003e当过程确实要暴露通用的 PL/pgSQL \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 契约时使用 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。如果调用方需要区分校验、冲突、配额或其他业务结果，应选择并记录合适的 SQLSTATE，并补充便于处理的 \u003ccode\u003eDETAIL\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eHINT\u003c/code\u003e。不要为了简化应用代码就把无关的服务器错误都改成 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e在客户端边界，显式事务需要先回滚后再执行无关命令；如果可以隔离函数调用，则使用保存点。在 PL/pgSQL 中，恢复逻辑明确时优先使用 \u003ccode\u003eWHEN raise_exception\u003c/code\u003e 或 \u003ccode\u003eWHEN SQLSTATE 'P0001'\u003c/code\u003e 这样的窄处理器。如果确实需要宽处理器，请先保存 \u003ccode\u003eRETURNED_SQLSTATE\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003eMESSAGE_TEXT\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003ePG_EXCEPTION_DETAIL\u003c/code\u003e、\u003ccode\u003ePG_EXCEPTION_HINT\u003c/code\u003e 和上下文，再决定继续还是重新抛出。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e自然的 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 案例可以安全演示，因为它测试的正是预期的 PL/pgSQL 机制。这并不使 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 成为服务器故障证据；它是函数明确引发的异常。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"versions","heading":"版本","html":"\u003cp\u003e目录记录 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 存在于锁定的 8.0.0–8.4.22 pre-9.0 正式源码、9.0.23 至 18.6 的全部正式快照及 19 Beta 3 预览快照。同 tag 的 \u003ccode\u003eREL8_1_4\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.sgml\u003c/code\u003e 表已经列出 \u003ccode\u003eP0001\u003c/code\u003e 和条件名 \u003ccode\u003eraise_exception\u003c/code\u003e，因此至少可以确认 8.1.4 已有该条件名。9.0 头文件视图中的类标题为 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error (PostgreSQL-specific error class)\u003c/code\u003e，到 9.1 的文本定义变为 \u003ccode\u003ePL/pgSQL Error\u003c/code\u003e。7.0–7.3 仍有候选源码缺口；这些是目录观察边界，不是实现引入日期的断言。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e18.6 固定源码 commit 为 \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e。默认 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE EXCEPTION\u003c/code\u003e 规则有 PostgreSQL 18 文档和 18.6 执行器源码两方面依据。代表性案例在 PostgreSQL 18.6 和 10.21 上通过；它没有覆盖每一种自定义代码、处理器或事务模式。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"related","heading":"相关","html":"\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0000/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0000\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eplpgsql_error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是更宽的 PL/pgSQL 专用类条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0002/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0002\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eno_data_found\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e、\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0003/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0003\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003etoo_many_rows\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 和 \u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/P0004/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eP0004\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003eassert_failure\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是独立的 P0 条件。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/25P02/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e25P02\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003ein_failed_sql_transaction\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 描述未处理异常中止显式事务后的后续状态。\u003ca href=\"/wiki/sqlstate/XX000/\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eXX000\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ccode\u003einternal_error\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e 是服务器内部错误代码，不应作为有意 \u003ccode\u003eRAISE\u003c/code\u003e 的同义词。\u003c/p\u003e"},{"anchor":"sources","heading":"来源","html":"\u003cp\u003e结构化证据记录在\u003ca href=\"#sources\"\u003e公开证据 JSON\u003c/a\u003e中。源码记录固定到 PostgreSQL commit \u003ccode\u003e724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7\u003c/code\u003e；运行记录保留共享注册表、两个目标摘要和 \u003ccode\u003eP0001-snippet-registry-final-20260909\u003c/code\u003e 运行 ID。\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.errcodes.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L487-L494\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eerrcodes.txt\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003esrc.pl-exec.18.6\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/pl/plpgsql/src/pl_exec.c#L3889-L3923\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003epl_exec.c\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.plpgsql.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/plpgsql-errors-and-messages.html\"\u003eErrors and Messages\u003c/a\u003e 与 \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/plpgsql-control-structures.html\"\u003eError Trapping\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.protocol.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/protocol-error-fields.html\"\u003eError and Notice Message Fields\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003edoc.transactions.18\u003c/code\u003e — \u003ca href=\"/docs/18/tutorial-transactions.html\"\u003eTransactions\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e"}],"summary":"RAISE EXCEPTION 未指定条件名或代码时的默认码。","title":"P0001 — raise_exception（引发异常）","translation_source_rev":"1040c711270493d70416785addb185d56c6593c4c1375cc61dab62714a69f79c"}},"RequestedLocale":"zh-Hans","Fallback":false,"Versions":["10","11","12","13","14","15","16","17","18","19","20","8.1","8.2","8.3","8.4","9.0","9.1","9.2","9.3","9.4","9.5","9.6"],"Locales":["en","zh-Hans"],"Signatures":null,"Spellings":null,"SQLState":{"aliases":[],"catalogue_notes":{"earliest_observed":"8.0.0","formal_scope":"9.0.0..18.6","latest_observed":"18.6","matrix_scope":["9.0.23","9.1.24","9.2.24","9.3.25","9.4.26","9.5.25","9.6.24","10.23","11.22","12.22","13.23","14.24","15.19","16.15","17.11","18.6"],"pre9_scope":{"formal_tag_count":191,"maximum_release":"8.4.22","minimum_release":"7.0.0","source_definition_count":153,"source_doc_count":153,"source_file_count":306,"source_scope":"7.4..8.4 definition files; 7.0..7.3 candidate-path source gap probes","source_tag_count":153},"pre9_status":"present","preview_scope":["19beta3"]},"class":"P0","class_name":"PL/pgSQL Error","condition_name":"raise_exception","condition_names":["raise_exception"],"definition_changes":[{"evidence_refs":["postgresql:REL9_0_23:src/include/utils/errcodes.h","postgresql:REL9_1_0:src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt"],"first_observed":"9.1.0","from":["PL/pgSQL Error (PostgreSQL-specific error class)"],"kind":"class_title","notes":"Observed definition change between fixed release snapshots; exact commit introduction may precede the first release tag.","to":["PL/pgSQL Error"]}],"english_manuals":{"10":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"PL/pgSQL Error","condition_name":"raise_exception","doc":{"anchor":"ERRCODES-APPENDIX","file":"errcodes-appendix.html","lang":"en","sha256":"9607b57e9f639b61785677ba4d226f5889fe1d19c8bf55a3337691899a9073cd","slug":"10"},"lang":"en","sqlstate":"P0001"},"11":{"aliases":[],"class_name":"PL/pgSQL 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