25001

At a glance

25001 means the command requires a transaction boundary that the current session violates. The selected case runs VACUUM after BEGIN, receives the exact active-transaction error, rolls back, and then successfully runs VACUUM outside the transaction block.

Meaning

PostgreSQL uses 25001 for several paths. PreventInTransactionBlock rejects a prohibited utility in an explicit transaction block, subtransaction, or function; the source formats these as %s cannot run inside a transaction block, %s cannot run inside a subtransaction, and %s cannot be executed from a function. Other paths reject creating a logical replication slot after transaction writes, exporting a snapshot from a subtransaction, or setting an imported snapshot after a query. BEGIN inside an already active block is a separate WARNING, so severity and recovery depend on the source path.

Diagnosis

Record SQLSTATE, severity, primary message, transaction status, and the command. In the selected case the VACUUM ERROR moves the explicit session to INERROR; only ROLLBACK restores IDLE. For a function or subtransaction report, end that context and issue the command as one top-level utility statement outside any explicit transaction block (for example, a single command on an autocommit connection); retrying inside the same wrapper cannot satisfy PreventInTransactionBlock. For logical-slot and snapshot reports, inspect whether the transaction has writes, a subtransaction, or an earlier query. A WARNING that a transaction is already in progress is not the VACUUM ERROR and does not by itself require rollback. The selected repair then executes VACUUM items outside the transaction block and asserts success plus IDLE, proving the repair boundary instead of merely proving the connection is usable.

Response

Move a prohibited utility outside the transaction block, function, or subtransaction that violates its contract: issue it as one top-level command outside any explicit transaction block, typically on an autocommit connection. After an ERROR in an explicit transaction, issue ROLLBACK before reuse; do not put the retry inside another BEGIN. A logical replication slot must be created in a transaction with no prior writes; export a snapshot outside a subtransaction, and call SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT before any query. Preserve an already active transaction after the WARNING branch instead of rolling it back solely because BEGIN was repeated. Follow the exact source path rather than applying the VACUUM repair mechanically.

Observed diagnostics

18.6 (Homebrew) / latest:SQLSTATE 25001; primary VACUUM cannot run inside a transaction block; after_error INERROR; after_rollback IDLE; status_after_vacuum IDLE. 10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10:SQLSTATE 25001; primary VACUUM cannot run inside a transaction block; after_error INERROR; after_rollback IDLE; status_after_vacuum IDLE.

Source message templates

The selected VACUUM run does not cover these source-backed branches:

• ERROR %s cannot run inside a subtransaction (the command name is substituted).
• ERROR %s cannot be executed from a function (the command name is substituted).
• ERROR cannot create logical replication slot in transaction that has performed writes.
• ERROR cannot export a snapshot from a subtransaction.
• ERROR SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT must be called before any query.
• WARNING there is already a transaction in progress.

These templates are source evidence, not additional runtime claims for this case.

Representative case

In this example, VACUUM is rejected inside an explicit BEGIN block; after ROLLBACK, the same utility succeeds as a standalone command outside that block. The complete setup, assertions, and cleanup are in the case export:

-- create
CREATE TABLE items(id integer PRIMARY KEY, note text NOT NULL);
-- seed
INSERT INTO items VALUES (1, 'seed');
-- begin
BEGIN;
-- trigger
VACUUM items;
-- rollback
ROLLBACK;
-- followup
SELECT 1 AS usable;
-- repair
VACUUM items;

The SQLSTATE, diagnostic, transaction-state, and repair assertions for this excerpt are produced from the checked case registry; see the structured evidence and case export.

Authored evidence IDs: identity, utility-path, other-paths, runtime. Selected runtime records: runtime.25001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest, runtime.25001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10.

Versions

The locked catalogue observes the condition by 7.4 and in all listed formal snapshots. The selected VACUUM case passes on 18.6 and 10.21, including rollback recovery and the successful outside-transaction repair; other 25001 paths are source-backed only.

Related

Compare 25000 invalid transaction state, 25P02 failed SQL transaction, and 24000 invalid cursor state.

Sources

• src.errcodes.18.6 (SHA-256 6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba)
• src.calls.REL_18_6 (SHA-256 9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf)
• src.xact.18.6 (SHA-256 75b012c0b047d1dc905a30975c244beec366e45eac0dbf109fd21bcd611a8e39)
• src.logical.18.6 (SHA-256 3f1bd4c3e627fe78522c4dc9bacf9fa8200e6c82c2d01f7670706eee102b76d1)
• src.snapmgr-export.18.6 (SHA-256 b605b69e77a026c143f4cabca079de364b9a8732bfc40f7595be44fb0971ee8)
• src.snapmgr-set-snapshot.18.6 (SHA-256 b605b69e77a026c143f4cabca079de364b9a8732bfc40f7595be44fb0971ee8)
• doc.vacuum.18.6 (SHA-256 80ca5592cda7b74938385f84f09faac33574374c1a05d605a2d55982e4cf1bbf) · official documentation

Source evidence

Evidence belongs to the frozen source and runtime versions listed here. It is not a runtime verification of the selected manual version.

• src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7
• raw/calls/REL_18_6.jsonl · ·
• src/backend/access/transam/xact.c · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7
• doc/src/sgml/ref/vacuum.sgml · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7
• src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7
• src/backend/utils/time/snapmgr.c · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7
• src/backend/utils/time/snapmgr.c · REL_18_6 ·
  724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7

Message templates

%s cannot run inside a transaction block

%s cannot run inside a subtransaction

there is already a transaction in progress

%s cannot be executed from a function

cannot create logical replication slot in transaction that has performed writes

cannot export a snapshot from a subtransaction

SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT must be called before any query

Reproduction & repair cases

Recorded runtime evidence

{
  "usable": 1,
  "primary": "VACUUM cannot run inside a transaction block",
  "sqlstate": "25001",
  "after_error": "INERROR",
  "after_rollback": "IDLE",
  "status_after_vacuum": "IDLE",
  "vacuum_outside_transaction": true
}

{
  "usable": 1,
  "primary": "VACUUM cannot run inside a transaction block",
  "sqlstate": "25001",
  "after_error": "INERROR",
  "after_rollback": "IDLE",
  "status_after_vacuum": "IDLE",
  "vacuum_outside_transaction": true
}