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OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_createsubscriber accepts the following command-line arguments: -a--all Create one subscription per database on the target server. Exceptions are template databases and databases t…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options The following command-line options control the content and format of the output. dbname Specifies the name of the database to be dumped. If this is not specified, the environment var…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options -D directory--directory=directory Directory to write the output to. This parameter is required. -E lsn--endpos=lsn Automatically stop replication and exit with normal exit status 0 w…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options At least one of the following options must be specified to select an action: --create-slot Create a new logical replication slot with the name specified by --slot, using the output p…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options datadir-D datadir--pgdata=datadir Specifies the location of the database directory. For safety reasons, you must specify the data directory on the command line. pg_resetwal does not …Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_restore accepts the following command line arguments. filename Specifies the location of the archive file (or directory, for a directory-format archive) to be restored. If not spe…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_rewind accepts the following command-line arguments: -D directory--target-pgdata=directory This option specifies the target data directory that is synchronized with the source. Th…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_verifybackup accepts the following command-line arguments: -e--exit-on-error Exit as soon as a problem with the backup is detected. If this option is not specified, pg_verifybacku…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options -i--individual By default, pg_walsummary prints one line of output for each range of one or more consecutive modified blocks. This can make the output a lot briefer, since a relation…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options postgres accepts the following command-line arguments. For a detailed discussion of the options consult Chapter 19. You can save typing most of these options by setting up a configur…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options -a--echo-all Print all nonempty input lines to standard output as they are read. (This does not apply to lines read interactively.) This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options reindexdb accepts the following command-line arguments: -a--all Reindex all databases. --concurrently Use the CONCURRENTLY option. See REINDEX, where all the caveats of this option a…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options vacuumdb accepts the following command-line arguments: -a--all Vacuum all databases. --buffer-usage-limit size Specifies the Buffer Access Strategy ring buffer size for a given invoc…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options oid2name accepts the following command-line arguments: -f filenode--filenode=filenode show info for table with filenode filenode. -i--indexes include indexes and sequences in the lis…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_archivecleanup accepts the following command-line arguments: -b--clean-backup-history Remove backup history files as well. See Section 25.3.2 for details about backup history file…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options The following is divided into three subsections. Different options are used during database initialization and while running benchmarks, but some options are useful in both cases.Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_test_fsync accepts the following command-line options: -f--filename Specifies the file name to write test data in. This file should be in the same file system that the pg_wal dire…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_test_timing accepts the following command-line options: -d duration--duration=duration Specifies the test duration, in seconds. Longer durations give slightly better accuracy, and…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options pg_upgrade accepts the following command-line arguments: -b bindir--old-bindir=bindir the old PostgreSQL executable directory; environment variable PGBINOLD -B bindir--new-bindir=bin…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options The following command-line options control the location and format of the output: startseg Start reading at the specified WAL segment file. This implicitly determines the path in whi…Options OptionsManual ChaptersPG18Options vacuumlo accepts the following command-line arguments: -l limit--limit=limit Remove no more than limit large objects per transaction (default 1000). Since the server acquires a lock …Options Options for PGP FunctionsManual ChaptersPG18F.26.3.8. Options for PGP Functions Options are named to be similar to GnuPG. An option's value should be given after an equal sign; separate options from each other with commas. For example…Options for PGP Functions Options for Single-User ModeManual ChaptersPG18Options for Single-User Mode The following options only apply to the single-user mode (see Single-User Mode below). --single Selects the single-user mode. This must be the first argument on …Options for Single-User Mode Options for WindowsManual ChaptersPG18Options for Windows -e source Name of the event source for pg_ctl to use for logging to the event log when running as a Windows service. The default is PostgreSQL. Note that this only contro…Options for Windows Oracle Compatibility ModeManual ChaptersPG1834.16. Oracle Compatibility Mode ecpg can be run in a so-called Oracle compatibility mode. If this mode is active, it tries to behave as if it were Oracle Pro*C. Specifically, this mode chan…Oracle Compatibility Mode ORDER BY ClauseManual ChaptersPG18ORDER BY Clause The optional ORDER BY clause has this general form: ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] The ORDER BY clause causes the resu…ORDER BY Clause Ordered-Set AggregatesManual ChaptersPG1836.12.3. Ordered-Set Aggregates The aggregates we have been describing so far are “normal” aggregates. PostgreSQL also supports ordered-set aggregates, which differ from normal aggregates in…Ordered-Set Aggregates OrderingManual ChaptersPG188.7.2. Ordering The ordering of the values in an enum type is the order in which the values were listed when the type was created. All standard comparison operators and related aggregate fun…Ordering Ordering OperatorsManual ChaptersPG1836.16.7. Ordering Operators Some index access methods (currently, only GiST and SP-GiST) support the concept of ordering operators. What we have been discussing so far are search operators. …Ordering Operators Origin Filter CallbackManual ChaptersPG1847.6.4.7. Origin Filter Callback The optional filter_by_origin_cb callback is called to determine whether data that has been replayed from origin_id is of interest to the output plugin. type…Origin Filter Callback Other Database ObjectsManual ChaptersPG185.14. Other Database Objects Tables are the central objects in a relational database structure, because they hold your data. But they are not the only objects that exist in a database. Many …Other Database Objects Other DefaultsManual ChaptersPG1819.11.4. Other Defaults dynamic_library_path (string) # If a dynamically loadable module needs to be opened and the file name specified in the CREATE FUNCTION or LOAD command does not have a…Other Defaults Other Planner OptionsManual ChaptersPG1819.7.4. Other Planner Options default_statistics_target (integer) Sets the default statistics target for table columns without a column-specific target set via ALTER TABLE SET STATISTICS. La…Other Planner Options Other TargetsManual ChaptersPG1817.4.4.5. Other Targets clean # Remove all build products test # Run all enabled tests (including contrib) world # Build everything, including documentation help # List important targetsOther Targets Other Things to Watch ForManual ChaptersPG1841.13.2. Other Things to Watch For This section explains a few other things to watch for when porting Oracle PL/SQL functions to PostgreSQL.Other Things to Watch For Out-of-Line, In-Memory TOAST StorageManual ChaptersPG1866.2.2. Out-of-Line, In-Memory TOAST Storage TOAST pointers can point to data that is not on disk, but is elsewhere in the memory of the current server process. Such pointers obviously canno…Out-of-Line, In-Memory TOAST Storage Out-of-Line, On-Disk TOAST StorageManual ChaptersPG1866.2.1. Out-of-Line, On-Disk TOAST Storage If any of the columns of a table are TOAST-able, the table will have an associated TOAST table, whose OID is stored in the table's pg_class.reltoas…Out-of-Line, On-Disk TOAST Storage Output ModesManual ChaptersPG1847.6.3. Output Modes Output plugin callbacks can pass data to the consumer in nearly arbitrary formats. For some use cases, like viewing the changes via SQL, returning data in a data type th…Output Modes Output Plugin CallbacksManual ChaptersPG1847.6.4. Output Plugin Callbacks An output plugin gets notified about changes that are happening via various callbacks it needs to provide. Concurrent transactions are decoded in commit order…Output Plugin Callbacks Output PluginsManual ChaptersPG1847.2.4. Output Plugins Output plugins transform the data from the write-ahead log's internal representation into the format the consumer of a replication slot desires.Output Plugins