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cidrData TypesPG18cidr IPv4 or IPv6 network addressData Types cidrExtensionsExtensionsTransform an IPv4 or IPv6 address range into the minimal set of CIDR blocks postgresql_cidr Functions and aggregatesFunctions and aggregates · Extensions cigrationExtensionsExtensionsOnline migration and rebalancing of colocated Citus shards for cluster expansion, contraction, and worker replacement. citus logical-replication shard-migration cigration Replication and str…Replication and streams · Extensions cipher-algoManual ChaptersPG18F.26.3.8.1. cipher-algo Which cipher algorithm to use. Values: bf, aes128, aes192, aes256, 3des, cast5 Default: aes128 Applies to: pgp_sym_encrypt, pgp_pub_encryptcipher-algo circleData TypesPG18circle circle on a planeData Types circleFunctionsReferencecircle Geometric Functions And Operators 10 box to circle circle ( box ) → circle box to circle circle ( point, double precision ) → circle center and radius to circle circle ( polygon ) → c…Functions · Geometric Functions And Operators CirclesManual ChaptersPG188.8.7. Circles Circles are represented by a center point and radius. Values of type circle are specified using any of the following syntaxes: < ( x , y ) , r > ( ( x , y ) , r ) ( x , y ) , …Circles citextExtensionsPG18F.9. citext — a case-insensitive character string type The citext module provides a case-insensitive character string type, citext. Essentially, it internally calls lower when comparing valu…citext — a case-insensitive character string type citext — a case-insensitive character string typeManual ChaptersPG18F.9. citext — a case-insensitive character string type The citext module provides a case-insensitive character string type, citext. Essentially, it internally calls lower when comparing valu…citext — a case-insensitive character string type citusExtensionsExtensionsDistributed PostgreSQL as an extension distributed sharding parallel query multi-tenant olap citus AnalyticsAnalytics · Extensions citus_columnarExtensionsExtensionsCitus columnar storage engine columnar storage compression analytics olap citus AnalyticsAnalytics · Extensions clerk_fdwExtensionsExtensionsForeign data wrapper for querying the Clerk user-management API from PostgreSQL. clerk fdw pgrx clerk_fdw Foreign data wrappersForeign data wrappers · Extensions clickhouse_fdwExtensionsExtensionsClickHouse foreign data wrapper for PostgreSQL clickhouse clickhouse_fdw Foreign data wrappersForeign data wrappers · Extensions clickhousedb_fdwExtensionsExtensionsClickHouse foreign data wrapper with SELECT/INSERT support plus aggregate and join pushdown. aggregate-pushdown clickhouse fdw join-pushdown clickhousedb_fdw Foreign data wrappersForeign data wrappers · Extensions Client ApplicationsManual ChaptersPG18G.1. Client Applications This section covers PostgreSQL client applications in contrib. They can be run from anywhere, independent of where the database server resides. See also PostgreSQL C…Client Applications Client AuthenticationManual ChaptersPG18Chapter 20. Client Authentication When a client application connects to the database server, it specifies which PostgreSQL database user name it wants to connect as, much the same way one lo…Client Authentication Client CertificatesManual ChaptersPG1832.19.2. Client Certificates If the server attempts to verify the identity of the client by requesting the client's leaf certificate, libpq will send the certificate(s) stored in file ~/.pos…Client Certificates Client Connection DefaultsManual ChaptersPG1819.11. Client Connection DefaultsClient Connection Defaults Client Connection ProblemsManual ChaptersPG1818.3.2. Client Connection Problems Although the error conditions possible on the client side are quite varied and application-dependent, a few of them might be directly related to how the se…Client Connection Problems Client InterfacesManual ChaptersPG18Part IV. Client Interfaces This part describes the client programming interfaces distributed with PostgreSQL. Each of these chapters can be read independently. There are many external progra…Client Interfaces Client InterfacesManual ChaptersPG18H.1. Client Interfaces There are only two client interfaces included in the base PostgreSQL distribution: libpq is included because it is the primary C language interface, and because many o…Client Interfaces Client InterfacesManual ChaptersPG1833.3. Client Interfaces This section describes the facilities that PostgreSQL's libpq client interface library provides for accessing large objects. The PostgreSQL large object interface is …Client Interfaces Client Verification of Server CertificatesManual ChaptersPG1832.19.1. Client Verification of Server Certificates By default, PostgreSQL will not perform any verification of the server certificate. This means that it is possible to spoof the server ide…Client Verification of Server Certificates client_connection_check_intervalConfigurationReferenceclient_connection_check_interval Connections and Authentication 14 Sets the time interval between optional checks that the client is still connected, while running queries. The check is perf…Configuration · Connections and Authentication client_encodingCommand-line ToolsPG18client_encoding This sets the client_encoding configuration parameter for this connection. In addition to the values accepted by the corresponding server option, you can use auto to determin…Database Connection Control Functions › Parameter Key Words client_encodingConfigurationReferenceclient_encoding Client Connection Defaults 10 Sets the client-side encoding (character set). The default is to use the database encoding. The character sets supported by the PostgreSQL serve…Configuration · Client Connection Defaults client_min_messagesConfigurationReferenceclient_min_messages Client Connection Defaults 10 Controls which message levels are sent to the client. Valid values are DEBUG5, DEBUG4, DEBUG3, DEBUG2, DEBUG1, LOG, NOTICE, WARNING, and ERR…Configuration · Client Connection Defaults ClientReadWait EventsReferenceClientRead Client 10 Waiting to read data from the client. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Idle ClientRead sessions are normal connection-pool inventory. Investigate active writes, handshakes,…Wait Events · Client ClientWriteWait EventsReferenceClientWrite Client 10 Waiting to write data to the client. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Idle ClientRead sessions are normal connection-pool inventory. Investigate active writes, handshakes,…Wait Events · Client Clock Hardware and Timing AccuracyManual ChaptersPG18Clock Hardware and Timing Accuracy Collecting accurate timing information is normally done on computers using hardware clocks with various levels of accuracy. With some hardware the operatin…Clock Hardware and Timing Accuracy clock_timestampFunctionsReferenceclock_timestamp Date/Time Functions And Operators 10 Current date and time (changes during statement execution); see Section 9.9.4 clock_timestamp ( ) → timestamp with time zone Current date…Functions · Date/Time Functions And Operators CLOSEManual ChaptersPG1841.7.3.4. CLOSE CLOSE cursor; CLOSE closes the portal underlying an open cursor. This can be used to release resources earlier than end of transaction, or to free up the cursor variable to b…CLOSE CLOSEManual ChaptersPG18CLOSE CLOSE — close a cursor Synopsis CLOSE { name | ALL }CLOSE CLOSESQL CommandsReferenceCLOSE Cursors & Prepared Statements 10 close a cursor CLOSE { name | ALL } CLOSE frees the resources associated with an open cursor. After the cursor is closed, no subsequent operations are …SQL Commands · Cursors & Prepared Statements Closing a ConnectionManual ChaptersPG1834.2.3. Closing a Connection To close a connection, use the following statement: EXEC SQL DISCONNECT [connection]; The connection can be specified in the following ways: connection-name CURR…Closing a Connection Closing a Large Object DescriptorManual ChaptersPG1833.3.10. Closing a Large Object Descriptor A large object descriptor can be closed by calling int lo_close(PGconn *conn, int fd); where fd is a large object descriptor returned by lo_open. O…Closing a Large Object Descriptor CLUSTERManual ChaptersPG18CLUSTER CLUSTER — cluster a table according to an index Synopsis CLUSTER [ ( option [, ...] ) ] [ table_name [ USING index_name ] ] where option can be one of: VERBOSE [ boolean ]CLUSTER CLUSTERSQL CommandsReferenceCLUSTER Maintenance 10 cluster a table according to an index CLUSTER [VERBOSE] table_name [ USING index_name ] CLUSTER [VERBOSE] CLUSTER instructs PostgreSQL to cluster the table specified b…SQL Commands · Maintenance CLUSTER Progress ReportingManual ChaptersPG1827.4.2. CLUSTER Progress Reporting Whenever CLUSTER or VACUUM FULL is running, the pg_stat_progress_cluster view will contain a row for each backend that is currently running either command.…CLUSTER Progress Reporting cluster_nameConfigurationReferencecluster_name Reporting and Logging 10 Sets the cluster name that appears in the process title for all server processes in this cluster. The name can be any string of less than NAMEDATALEN ch…Configuration · Reporting and Logging