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OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_rewindpg_rewind accepts the following command-line arguments: -D directory--target-pgdata=directory This option specifies the target data directory that is synchronized with the source. The target… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_verifybackuppg_verifybackup accepts the following command-line arguments: -e--exit-on-error Exit as soon as a problem with the backup is detected. If this option is not specified, pg_verifybackup will c… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_walsummaryi--individual By default, pg_walsummary prints one line of output for each range of one or more consecutive modified blocks. This can make the output a lot briefer, since a relation where al… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18postgrespostgres accepts the following command-line arguments. For a detailed discussion of the options consult Chapter 19. You can save typing most of these options by setting up a configuration fi… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18psqla--echo-all Print all nonempty input lines to standard output as they are read. (This does not apply to lines read interactively.) This is equivalent to setting the variable ECHO to all. -A-… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18reindexdbreindexdb accepts the following command-line arguments: -a--all Reindex all databases. --concurrently Use the CONCURRENTLY option. See REINDEX, where all the caveats of this option are expla… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18vacuumdbvacuumdb accepts the following command-line arguments: -a--all Vacuum all databases. --buffer-usage-limit size Specifies the Buffer Access Strategy ring buffer size for a given invocation of… optionsCommand-line ToolsPG18Database Connection Control Functions › Parameter Key WordsSpecifies command-line options to send to the server at connection start. For example, setting this to -c geqo=off or --geqo=off sets the session's value of the geqo parameter to off. Spaces… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18oid2nameoid2name accepts the following command-line arguments: -f filenode--filenode=filenode show info for table with filenode filenode. -i--indexes include indexes and sequences in the listing. -o… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_archivecleanuppg_archivecleanup accepts the following command-line arguments: -b--clean-backup-history Remove backup history files as well. See Section 25.3.2 for details about backup history files. -d--d… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pgbenchThe following is divided into three subsections. Different options are used during database initialization and while running benchmarks, but some options are useful in both cases. OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_test_fsyncpg_test_fsync accepts the following command-line options: -f--filename Specifies the file name to write test data in. This file should be in the same file system that the pg_wal directory is… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_test_timingpg_test_timing accepts the following command-line options: -d duration--duration=duration Specifies the test duration, in seconds. Longer durations give slightly better accuracy, and are mor… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_upgradepg_upgrade accepts the following command-line arguments: -b bindir--old-bindir=bindir the old PostgreSQL executable directory; environment variable PGBINOLD -B bindir--new-bindir=bindir the … OptionsManual ChaptersPG18pg_waldumpThe following command-line options control the location and format of the output: startseg Start reading at the specified WAL segment file. This implicitly determines the path in which files… OptionsManual ChaptersPG18vacuumlovacuumlo accepts the following command-line arguments: -l limit--limit=limit Remove no more than limit large objects per transaction (default 1000). Since the server acquires a lock per LO r… Options for PGP FunctionsManual ChaptersPG18pgcrypto — cryptographic functionsOptions are named to be similar to GnuPG. An option's value should be given after an equal sign; separate options from each other with commas. For example: pgp_sym_encrypt(data, psw, 'compre… Options for Single-User ModeManual ChaptersPG18postgresThe following options only apply to the single-user mode (see Single-User Mode below). --single Selects the single-user mode. This must be the first argument on the command line. database Sp… Options for WindowsManual ChaptersPG18pg_ctle source Name of the event source for pg_ctl to use for logging to the event log when running as a Windows service. The default is PostgreSQL. Note that this only controls messages sent from… optpathsExtensionsExtensionsFeatures · ExtensionsPlanner hook extension for adding paths and removing self joins hook optimizer planner self-join anotherSelfJoin Features ora_btree_ginExtensionsExtensionsCompatibility · ExtensionsSupport for indexing oracle datatypes in GIN fork ivory ivorysql Compatibility ora_btree_gistExtensionsExtensionsCompatibility · ExtensionsSupport for oracle indexing common datatypes in GiST fork ivory ivorysql Compatibility ora_migratorExtensionsExtensionsReplication and streams · ExtensionsTools to migrate Oracle databases to PostgreSQL etl migration oracle ora_migrator Replication and streams Oracle Compatibility ModeManual ChaptersPG18ecpg can be run in a so-called Oracle compatibility mode. If this mode is active, it tries to behave as if it were Oracle Pro*C. Specifically, this mode changes ecpg in three ways: Pad chara… oracle_fdwExtensionsExtensionsForeign data wrappers · Extensionsforeign data wrapper for Oracle access non-free oracle_fdw Foreign data wrappers orafceExtensionsExtensionsCompatibility · ExtensionsFunctions and operators that emulate a subset of functions and packages from the Oracle RDBMS oracle orafce Compatibility orafce_mailExtensionsExtensionsCompatibility · ExtensionsImplementation of utl mail and DBMS MAIL packages attachments compatibility curl curl-library custom function mail oracle orafce postgresql-extension send mail smtp-client user function oraf… oraplsqlExtensionsExtensionsCompatibility · ExtensionsOracle-compatible procedural SQL language for OpenTenBase. oraplsql Compatibility orb_fdwExtensionsExtensionsForeign data wrappers · ExtensionsA foreign data wrapper for Orb pgrx orb_fdw Foreign data wrappers orc_fdwExtensionsExtensionsForeign data wrappers · ExtensionsForeign data wrapper for reading ORC formatted files fdw file orc orc_fdw Foreign data wrappers ORDER BYSQL CommandsPG18Sorting Rows (ORDER BY)7.5. Sorting Rows (ORDER BY) # After a query has produced an output table (after the select list has been processed) it can optionally be sorted. If sorting is not chosen, the rows will be r… ORDER BY ClauseManual ChaptersPG18SELECTThe optional ORDER BY clause has this general form: ORDER BY expression [ ASC | DESC | USING operator ] [ NULLS { FIRST | LAST } ] [, ...] The ORDER BY clause causes the result rows to be so… Ordered-Set AggregatesManual ChaptersPG18User-Defined AggregatesThe aggregates we have been describing so far are “normal” aggregates. PostgreSQL also supports ordered-set aggregates, which differ from normal aggregates in two key ways. First, in additio… OrderingManual ChaptersPG18Enumerated TypesThe ordering of the values in an enum type is the order in which the values were listed when the type was created. All standard comparison operators and related aggregate functions are suppo… Ordering OperatorsManual ChaptersPG18Interfacing Extensions to IndexesSome index access methods (currently, only GiST and SP-GiST) support the concept of ordering operators. What we have been discussing so far are search operators. A search operator is one for… orgpasscheckExtensionsExtensionsSecurity · ExtensionsPassword policy enforcement extension for PostgreSQL 16+ database-management database-security enterprise password-policy pgxs postgresql-extension security orgpasscheck Security Origin Filter CallbackManual ChaptersPG18Logical Decoding Output PluginsThe optional filter_by_origin_cb callback is called to determine whether data that has been replayed from origin_id is of interest to the output plugin. typedef bool (*LogicalDecodeFilterByO… orioledbExtensionsExtensionsFeatures · Extensions, the next generation transactional engine fork oriole orioledb Features orochiExtensionsExtensionsAnalytics · ExtensionsModern HTAP PostgreSQL extension for sharding, time-series, columnar analytics, tiered storage, and vector workloads. analytics htap sharding vector orochi Analytics os_nameExtensionsExtensionsData types · ExtensionsEnumerable mobile os type, stored in a single-byte, fixed-length type. os_name Data types