42P21 — 排序规则不匹配

参与运算的排序规则不兼容，产生冲突。

英文手册覆盖始于 PostgreSQL 8.1. 来源历史与运行验证各自保留独立版本边界。

当前阅读 PG 18·选择有来源记录的版本

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

aliases: 未知
class name: Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation
condition name: collation_mismatch
lang: en
sqlstate: 42P21

版本定义 PG 18

42P21 — 排序规则不匹配

速览 {#at-a-glance}

42P21（collation_mismatch）需要得到兼容结果时，不同排序规则选择可能发生冲突。

含义 {#meaning}

当固定源码路径需要一个兼容的排序规则，却得到不兼容的选择时，会报 42P21。隐式选择会先记录为 COLLATE_CONFLICT；调用方允许没有共同排序规则时可以返回 InvalidOid，只有确实需要排序规则的调用方才把隐式冲突变成 ERROR。显式 COLLATE 冲突则立即失败。同一条件还覆盖递归 CTE 输出、继承或子表列定义，以及外键键列兼容性。

诊断 {#diagnosis}

遇到隐式排序规则消息时保留两个名称，并检查调用方是否要求共同排序规则；不同的隐式操作数不会全部立即抛出 42P21。遇到显式排序规则消息时，找出两个 COLLATE 子句并统一预期选择。递归查询要比较非递归项与整体列排序规则。继承或分区子表错误要比较父表与子表列定义。外键要比较引用表和被引用表的键列：固定源码允许两边都是确定性排序规则时使用不同排序规则；只要任一排序规则不确定，两边就必须相同。保留 DETAIL 中的名称，不要把它笼统当成转成 text 就能解决的问题。

处理 {#response}

表达式冲突应在表达式边界明确指定一个有意选择的 COLLATE，或统一显式子句及递归非递归项的排序规则。重试 DDL 前先对齐继承列或子表列定义。外键应选择兼容的键列排序规则；只要一侧不确定，就满足两边相同的严格要求，然后重新核对相等比较和索引语义。如果该 ERROR 发生在显式事务中，修正语句前先 ROLLBACK，或回滚到错误前的保存点；自动提交模式下连接回到空闲后再重试。

消息 {#messages}

固定源码中的代表性消息包括：

ERROR message: collation mismatch between implicit collations "%s" and "%s"; HINT: You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.
ERROR message: collation mismatch between explicit collations "%s" and "%s"
ERROR message: recursive query "%s" column %d has collation "%s" in non-recursive term but collation "%s" overall; HINT: Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term.
ERROR message: column "%s" has a collation conflict; DETAIL: "%s" versus "%s"
ERROR message: inherited column "%s" has a collation conflict; DETAIL: "%s" versus "%s"
ERROR message: child table "%s" has different collation for column "%s"; DETAIL: "%s" versus "%s"
ERROR message: foreign key constraint "%s" cannot be implemented; DETAIL: Key columns "%s" of the referencing table and "%s" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: "%s" and "%s". If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same.

占位符由实际对象、列或参数填充。

版本 {#versions}

锁定目录显示该条件最早见于 PostgreSQL 9.1.0；行为说明固定在 PostgreSQL 18.6 源码，目录存在范围不等于每条消息或功能都从该版本开始。

来源 {#sources}

源码消息、行号和证据边界见作者证据。

src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c:208-234 (fixed source)
src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c:804-835 (fixed source)
src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c:394-401 (fixed source)
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c:3297-3303 (fixed source)
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c:3463-3469 (fixed source)
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c:7292-7298 (fixed source)
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c:10474-10483 (fixed source)

比较版本

SQLSTATE 证据与已记录的运行版本

claims · identity.class-and-condition

{
  "claim_id": "identity.class-and-condition",
  "limits": "Identity does not enumerate all source branches or client failures.",
  "method": "Read fixed REL_18_6 errcodes.txt and locked facts.",
  "position": 0,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.errcodes.42P21.18.6"
  ],
  "statement": "42P21 is the collation_mismatch condition in Class 42."
}

claims · mechanism.selected-source-path

{
  "claim_id": "mechanism.selected-source-path",
  "limits": "Representative confirmed core paths only; not exhaustive historical or extension coverage.",
  "method": "Read complete parse_collate.c derivation context and the selected resolved report groups in parse_cte.c and tablecmds.c.",
  "position": 1,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.69245d264e1d0e386e33036f",
    "src.call.42P21.0ba27778e76c3d44b1cc79f6",
    "src.call.42P21.93a028fdb350e0d054f123d8",
    "src.call.42P21.16107e45585553ed56b18241",
    "src.call.42P21.5fcad21fbefb1ae15acf4c73",
    "src.call.42P21.ef5edd918af762963c8e072c",
    "src.call.42P21.04a0360be247ab8ca050e826",
    "src.context.42P21.parse_collate.common"
  ],
  "statement": "Selected fixed 18.6 paths reject explicit collation conflicts immediately, emit implicit conflicts only when a caller requires one common collation, and check recursive output, inherited or child columns, and foreign-key collation compatibility."
}

claims · boundary.implicit-none-ok

{
  "claim_id": "boundary.implicit-none-ok",
  "limits": "This is source control-flow evidence, not a natural runtime observation.",
  "method": "Read select_common_collation and the COLLATE_CONFLICT/COLLATE_EXPLICIT branches in fixed parse_collate.c.",
  "position": 2,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.context.42P21.parse_collate.common"
  ],
  "statement": "select_common_collation(..., none_ok=true) may return InvalidOid while retaining an implicit COLLATE_CONFLICT; a later caller that requires a collation can then report a separate indeterminate-collation condition."
}

claims · versions.catalogue-boundary

{
  "claim_id": "versions.catalogue-boundary",
  "limits": "First observed release is a lower bound, not precise behavioral introduction.",
  "method": "Read locked catalogue facts and definition snapshot.",
  "position": 3,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.errcodes.42P21.18.6"
  ],
  "statement": "Locked catalogue snapshots show this condition by PostgreSQL 9.1.0; source behavior here is fixed at PostgreSQL 18.6."
}

messages · message.variant-1

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-1",
  "path": "",
  "position": 0,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [],
    "hint_templates": [
      "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions."
    ],
    "id": "message.variant-1",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "collation mismatch between implicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\"",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "collation mismatch between implicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\""
      },
      {
        "role": "errhint",
        "template": "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions."
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.69245d264e1d0e386e33036f"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.69245d264e1d0e386e33036f"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "collation mismatch between implicit collations \" \" and \" \"",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "collation mismatch between implicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "hint",
      "literal": "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions."
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions.",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errhint",
      "template": "You can choose the collation by applying the COLLATE clause to one or both expressions."
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-2

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-2",
  "path": "",
  "position": 1,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [],
    "hint_templates": [],
    "id": "message.variant-2",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "collation mismatch between explicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\"",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "collation mismatch between explicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\""
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.0ba27778e76c3d44b1cc79f6"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.0ba27778e76c3d44b1cc79f6"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "collation mismatch between explicit collations \" \" and \" \"",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "collation mismatch between explicit collations \"%s\" and \"%s\""
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-3

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-3",
  "path": "",
  "position": 2,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [],
    "hint_templates": [
      "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term."
    ],
    "id": "message.variant-3",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "recursive query \"%s\" column %d has collation \"%s\" in non-recursive term but collation \"%s\" overall",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "recursive query \"%s\" column %d has collation \"%s\" in non-recursive term but collation \"%s\" overall"
      },
      {
        "role": "errhint",
        "template": "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term."
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.93a028fdb350e0d054f123d8"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.93a028fdb350e0d054f123d8"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "recursive query \" \" column has collation \" \" in non-recursive term but collation \" \" overall",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "recursive query \"%s\" column %d has collation \"%s\" in non-recursive term but collation \"%s\" overall"
    },
    {
      "kind": "hint",
      "literal": "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term.",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term."
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term.",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errhint",
      "template": "Use the COLLATE clause to set the collation of the non-recursive term."
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-4

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-4",
  "path": "",
  "position": 3,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [
      "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    ],
    "hint_templates": [],
    "id": "message.variant-4",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "column \"%s\" has a collation conflict",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "column \"%s\" has a collation conflict"
      },
      {
        "role": "errdetail",
        "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.16107e45585553ed56b18241"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.16107e45585553ed56b18241"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "column \" \" has a collation conflict",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "column \"%s\" has a collation conflict"
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errdetail",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-5

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-5",
  "path": "",
  "position": 4,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [
      "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    ],
    "hint_templates": [],
    "id": "message.variant-5",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "inherited column \"%s\" has a collation conflict",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "inherited column \"%s\" has a collation conflict"
      },
      {
        "role": "errdetail",
        "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.5fcad21fbefb1ae15acf4c73"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.5fcad21fbefb1ae15acf4c73"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "inherited column \" \" has a collation conflict",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "inherited column \"%s\" has a collation conflict"
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errdetail",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-6

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-6",
  "path": "",
  "position": 5,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [
      "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    ],
    "hint_templates": [],
    "id": "message.variant-6",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "child table \"%s\" has different collation for column \"%s\"",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "child table \"%s\" has different collation for column \"%s\""
      },
      {
        "role": "errdetail",
        "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.ef5edd918af762963c8e072c"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.ef5edd918af762963c8e072c"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "child table \" \" has different collation for column \" \"",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "child table \"%s\" has different collation for column \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "\" \" versus \" \"",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errdetail",
      "template": "\"%s\" versus \"%s\""
    }
  ]
}

messages · message.variant-7

{
  "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
  "message_id": "message.variant-7",
  "path": "",
  "position": 6,
  "raw": {
    "detail_templates": [
      "Key columns \"%s\" of the referencing table and \"%s\" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \"%s\" and \"%s\".  If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same."
    ],
    "hint_templates": [],
    "id": "message.variant-7",
    "limits": "Placeholders remain dynamic source fields; no concrete runtime value is claimed.",
    "primary_template": "foreign key constraint \"%s\" cannot be implemented",
    "roles": [
      {
        "role": "errmsg",
        "template": "foreign key constraint \"%s\" cannot be implemented"
      },
      {
        "role": "errdetail",
        "template": "Key columns \"%s\" of the referencing table and \"%s\" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \"%s\" and \"%s\".  If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same."
      }
    ],
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.call.42P21.04a0360be247ab8ca050e826"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42P21"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.call.42P21.04a0360be247ab8ca050e826"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "foreign key constraint \" \" cannot be implemented",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "foreign key constraint \"%s\" cannot be implemented"
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "Key columns \" \" of the referencing table and \" \" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \" \" and \" \". If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same.",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "Key columns \"%s\" of the referencing table and \"%s\" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \"%s\" and \"%s\".  If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same."
    },
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "Key columns \" \" of the referencing table and \" \" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \" \" and \" \". If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same.",
      "position": 2,
      "role": "errdetail",
      "template": "Key columns \"%s\" of the referencing table and \"%s\" of the referenced table have incompatible collations: \"%s\" and \"%s\".  If either collation is nondeterministic, then both collations have to be the same."
    }
  ]
}

sources · src.errcodes.42P21.18.6

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "line 352",
  "path": "src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt",
  "position": 0,
  "sha256": "6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba",
  "source_id": "src.errcodes.42P21.18.6",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt#L352"
}

sources · src.call.42P21.69245d264e1d0e386e33036f

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "lines 226-232",
  "path": "src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c",
  "position": 1,
  "sha256": "e92a01d1a7279f108ddfac1f0324f6d142b1496360ddac3dfb778564c4226940",
  "source_id": "src.call.42P21.69245d264e1d0e386e33036f",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c#L226-L232"
}

sources · src.call.42P21.0ba27778e76c3d44b1cc79f6

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  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "lines 853-858",
  "path": "src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c",
  "position": 2,
  "sha256": "e92a01d1a7279f108ddfac1f0324f6d142b1496360ddac3dfb778564c4226940",
  "source_id": "src.call.42P21.0ba27778e76c3d44b1cc79f6",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_collate.c#L853-L858"
}

sources · src.call.42P21.93a028fdb350e0d054f123d8

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "lines 394-401",
  "path": "src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c",
  "position": 3,
  "sha256": "908eef14ac26654fe0b9c176ef50e56ba710b7fcd8e1239b944d7c2152fc2d6b",
  "source_id": "src.call.42P21.93a028fdb350e0d054f123d8",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/parser/parse_cte.c#L394-L401"
}

sources · src.call.42P21.16107e45585553ed56b18241

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "lines 3297-3303",
  "path": "src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c",
  "position": 4,
  "sha256": "422dc8e833df4940755973c757e338295822ba3e4c7266c40669f49f96eb15a9",
  "source_id": "src.call.42P21.16107e45585553ed56b18241",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
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sources · src.call.42P21.5fcad21fbefb1ae15acf4c73

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sources · src.call.42P21.ef5edd918af762963c8e072c

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sources · src.call.42P21.04a0360be247ab8ca050e826

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sources · src.context.42P21.parse_collate.common

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sources · src.calls.REL_18_6.42P21

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来源引用

原始手册引用

完整定义与证据 JSON

定义来源

center · PostgreSQL 18 · english-manuals:b5d4c7d86be08cb3fc3124799c6c721a76c6e26b8ee8a84e6887686f790435f2

正文语言: zh-Hans · english-manuals:b5d4c7d86be08cb3fc3124799c6c721a76c6e26b8ee8a84e6887686f790435f2

42P21 — 排序规则不匹配

版本定义 PG 18

42P21 — 排序规则不匹配

速览 {#at-a-glance}

含义 {#meaning}

诊断 {#diagnosis}

处理 {#response}

消息 {#messages}

版本 {#versions}

相关 {#related}

来源 {#sources}

比较版本

SQLSTATE 证据与已记录的运行版本

来源引用