42803 — Grouping error

42803 is grouping_error: a grouped query projects a value that is neither grouped nor aggregated. The case groups category while selecting label.

English manual coverage begins with PostgreSQL 8.1. Source history and runtime observations have their own recorded version boundaries.

Reading PG 18·Select a recorded version

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

aliases: Unknown
class name: Syntax Error or Access Rule Violation
condition name: grouping_error
lang: en
sqlstate: 42803

Definition PG 18

42803 — Grouping error

At a glance {#at-a-glance}

42803 is grouping_error: a grouped query projects a value that is neither grouped nor aggregated. The case groups category while selecting label.

Meaning {#meaning}

The analyzer must assign one value to each selected expression per group. The fixed message is column "%s.%s" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function. PostgreSQL can allow an otherwise ungrouped column when the inspected relation is proven functionally dependent on the grouping columns; the fixed check_functional_grouping path requires the GROUP BY columns to contain every column of that table's primary key, so this is not a blanket exception for any unique-looking expression. The selected VALUES relation has no such table constraint. Adding label therefore deliberately changes the report grain from one row per category to one row per (category,label), rather than being a semantics-neutral repair. The selected autocommit error leaves IDLE.

Diagnosis {#diagnosis}

Check every nonaggregate expression in SELECT, HAVING, and relevant ordering expressions. Inspect the relation's constraints before relying on functional dependency, and decide whether the desired cardinality is one row per category or one row per category/label before editing GROUP BY. Ordered-set aggregate direct arguments have a separate grouped-column rule; the DETAIL for that branch is source-backed below, but it is not the selected ordinary query.

Response {#response}

Add the intended expression to GROUP BY or aggregate it with a deliberate rule, then check cardinality. The case repairs with GROUP BY category, label and returns two rows because the two labels are distinct groups. If the business result is one row per category, choose an aggregate or an explicit rule for which label to retain instead. In an explicit transaction, the failed statement leaves the transaction in INERROR; roll it back or use an appropriate savepoint before retrying. The selected autocommit path is the case that returns to IDLE.

Observed diagnostics {#messages}

The fixed parse_agg.c group is explicit ERROR. The selected primary is column "%s.%s" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function. When the ungrouped variable is an ordered-set aggregate's direct argument, the same source branch adds the source-only DETAIL Direct arguments of an ordered-set aggregate must use only grouped columns.; that condition is guarded by context->in_agg_direct_args and was not produced by the selected ordinary grouped query.

Representative case {#case}

The registry uses two (category,label) values, triggers with only GROUP BY category, then repairs with GROUP BY category, label ORDER BY ... and asserts (1,a,1) and (1,b,1).

SELECT category, label, count(*) FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (1, 'b')) AS grouping_rows(category, label) GROUP BY category;
SELECT category, label, count(*) FROM (VALUES (1, 'a'), (1, 'b')) AS grouping_rows(category, label) GROUP BY category, label ORDER BY category, label;

The selected 18.6 and 10.21 runs passed SQLSTATE, severity, state/recovery, repair, cleanup, and isolated-target stop assertions. See case JSON and authored evidence; private manifest and registry hashes are recorded there.

Versions {#versions}

The locked catalogue contains this condition from the 7.4 presence bound through the listed snapshots. The selected natural case passed on PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21; that bounded result does not infer every intermediate release or every source branch.

Related {#related}

Sources {#sources}

src.errcodes.REL_18_6 — fixed definition at 724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7; SHA-256 6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba (source).
src.grouping-error.18.6 — src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c lines 1552–1558 at 724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7; blob SHA-256 6e80a805fddbfc9c7e0f3047b348bf992a20c99f16ce7fee89c7067753027f72 (source).
src.grouping-error.10.23 — src/backend/parser/parse_agg.c lines 1356–1362 at 02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4; blob SHA-256 4c7e12bba2ffd465eb55d22c2adc593afa97e5a5f9a93045a882afab1401cb28 (source).
src.grouping-functional-dependency.18.6 — src/backend/catalog/pg_constraint.c lines 1728–1778 at 724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7; blob SHA-256 0aa324acd355da955f8eb6cec17f1a0138277a8bebd2c6e999cd2a603d3bfa01 (source).
src.grouping-functional-dependency.10.23 — src/backend/catalog/pg_constraint.c lines 1057–1107 at 02991e79f8f58bc208f05dcc8af0c62dbe0a6ea4; blob SHA-256 c90dff2d1d863e6b43102d762cec6e08b6c4ba40458045b525a14b49865d8a65 (source).
src.calls.REL_18_6 / src.calls.REL_10_23 — fixed call scans, SHA-256 9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf / 00d16d3eb01b71ccf1b245c8f3102f9d0ec9f36fb02777b8dd1b99fcb263040c.
manifest.42803 / snippet-registry.42803 — hashes are recorded in evidence/42803.json and each runtime record.

Compare versions

SQLSTATE evidence and recorded runtime versions

cases · grouping_non_grouped_column

{
  "assertions": [
    "SQLSTATE is 42803 and the diagnostic identifies the ungrouped label",
    "The failed autocommit session remains IDLE",
    "Grouping both selected nonaggregate columns returns two deterministic rows"
  ],
  "case_id": "grouping_non_grouped_column",
  "cleanup": "Close the runner connection; the case uses VALUES only.",
  "has_snippet": true,
  "position": 0,
  "preconditions": [
    "A runner-owned disposable target is provisioned."
  ],
  "repair": "Decide whether the label should be grouped or aggregated; adding GROUP BY blindly can change the intended cardinality.",
  "trigger": "Select a nonaggregate label while grouping only the category column.",
  "versions": [
    "10",
    "18"
  ]
}

claims · identity.class-and-condition

{
  "claim_id": "identity.class-and-condition",
  "limits": "Identity does not identify every backend call that can reuse this SQLSTATE.",
  "method": "Read fixed errcodes.txt and locked catalogue metadata.",
  "position": 0,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.errcodes.REL_18_6"
  ],
  "statement": "42803 is the grouping_error condition in Class 42."
}

claims · mechanism.selected-source-path

{
  "claim_id": "mechanism.selected-source-path",
  "limits": "This is one mechanism boundary, not an exhaustive inventory of the code.",
  "method": "Trace the REL_18_6 and REL_10_23 source-call records at the locked commits.",
  "position": 1,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.grouping-error.18.6",
    "src.grouping-error.10.23"
  ],
  "statement": "The selected grouping_non_grouped_column follows a resolved PostgreSQL source-call group; other branches can use different dynamic fields."
}

claims · mechanism.reader-boundary

{
  "claim_id": "mechanism.reader-boundary",
  "limits": "The claim describes the selected path and does not generalize to every branch sharing this SQLSTATE.",
  "method": "Combine the selected source call, registry SQL, and passed structured assertions.",
  "position": 2,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.grouping-error.18.6",
    "src.grouping-error.10.23",
    "src.grouping-functional-dependency.18.6",
    "src.grouping-functional-dependency.10.23",
    "snippet-registry.42803"
  ],
  "statement": "Grouped output must define one value per group; the inspected functional-dependency exception is proven only when the GROUP BY columns contain every column of the table primary key, while adding label in the selected unconstrained VALUES relation changes report cardinality."
}

claims · mechanism.ordered-set-detail

{
  "claim_id": "mechanism.ordered-set-detail",
  "limits": "The selected ordinary grouped query did not exercise ordered-set direct arguments.",
  "method": "Read the complete fixed parse_agg.c error branch around the selected primary.",
  "position": 3,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.grouping-error.18.6",
    "src.grouping-error.10.23"
  ],
  "statement": "The grouping walker adds the DETAIL Direct arguments of an ordered-set aggregate must use only grouped columns only when context-\u003ein_agg_direct_args is true; that branch is source-only for this review."
}

claims · runtime.representative-case

{
  "claim_id": "runtime.representative-case",
  "limits": "Scope is limited to these statements, psycopg, and two versions.",
  "method": "Run the shared SQL registry and inspect SQLSTATE, severity, state, repair, cleanup, and target stop.",
  "position": 4,
  "runtime": [
    "runtime.syntax2-42803-latest.latest",
    "runtime.syntax2-42803-pg10.pg10"
  ],
  "sources": [
    "manifest.42803",
    "snippet-registry.42803"
  ],
  "statement": "The selected grouping_non_grouped_column passed on isolated PostgreSQL 18.6 and 10.21 targets."
}

claims · versions.catalogue-boundary

{
  "claim_id": "versions.catalogue-boundary",
  "limits": "Definition presence is not an exact behavioral introduction; two runtime versions do not prove every intermediate behavior.",
  "method": "Read generated facts, fixed calls, and selected summaries.",
  "position": 5,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.errcodes.REL_18_6",
    "src.calls.REL_18_6",
    "src.calls.REL_10_23"
  ],
  "statement": "The locked catalogue records 42803 from the 7.4 presence bound through the listed snapshots; runtime scope is 18.6 and 10.21."
}

messages · message.grouping_non_grouped_column

{
  "limits": "",
  "message_id": "message.grouping_non_grouped_column",
  "path": "",
  "position": 0,
  "raw": {
    "detail_variants": [
      {
        "condition": "context-\u003ein_agg_direct_args",
        "scope": "source-only ordered-set direct-argument branch",
        "sources": [
          "src.grouping-error.18.6",
          "src.grouping-error.10.23"
        ],
        "template": "Direct arguments of an ordered-set aggregate must use only grouped columns."
      }
    ],
    "id": "message.grouping_non_grouped_column",
    "primary_template": "column \"%s.%s\" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function",
    "severity_source": "explicit ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.grouping-error.18.6",
      "src.grouping-error.10.23"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "42803"
  },
  "severity": "explicit ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.grouping-error.18.6",
    "src.grouping-error.10.23"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "column \" . \" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "column \"%s.%s\" must appear in the GROUP BY clause or be used in an aggregate function"
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "Direct arguments of an ordered-set aggregate must use only grouped columns.",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "Direct arguments of an ordered-set aggregate must use only grouped columns."
    }
  ]
}

runtimes · runtime.syntax2-42803-latest.latest · 18.6 (Homebrew) · passed

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runtimes · runtime.syntax2-42803-pg10.pg10 · 10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) · passed

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sources · src.errcodes.REL_18_6

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sources · src.calls.REL_18_6

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sources · src.calls.REL_10_23

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sources · src.grouping-error.18.6

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sources · src.grouping-error.10.23

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sources · src.grouping-functional-dependency.18.6

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sources · src.grouping-functional-dependency.10.23

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sources · manifest.42803

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sources · snippet-registry.42803

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Source references

Original manual reference

Full definition and evidence JSON

Definition sources

center · PostgreSQL 18 · english-manuals:bf22cb6c3a33d5343d2a860489c34bb7cc2495ae0708d57e6c5acf14866ea612

Text language: en · english-manuals:bf22cb6c3a33d5343d2a860489c34bb7cc2495ae0708d57e6c5acf14866ea612