23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突（restrict_violation）

外键 RESTRICT 动作拒绝删除仍被引用的父行。

英文手册覆盖始于 PostgreSQL 8.1. 来源历史与运行验证各自保留独立版本边界。

当前阅读 PG 18·选择有来源记录的版本

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

aliases: 未知
class name: Integrity Constraint Violation
condition name: restrict_violation
lang: en
sqlstate: 23001

版本定义 PG 18

23001 — RESTRICT 约束冲突

速览 {#at-a-glance}

23001 是立即执行的外键 RESTRICT 动作导致的专用冲突。18.6 案例删除仍被引用的父行时返回该码；10.21 对同一操作返回 23503，必须记录版本和完整诊断。另一个 PostgreSQL 17.11 对照案例对该 RESTRICT 操作也返回 23503，不计作 23001 覆盖。

含义 {#meaning}

ON DELETE/UPDATE RESTRICT 会立即检查引用行，且不能延迟；可延迟的 NO ACTION 则可以把检查推迟到相应提交点。源码根据父表、外键、子表和可见键值动态组装报文。

诊断 {#diagnosis}

记录精确 SQLSTATE、constraint_name、表名和 DETAIL，先检查子表。显式事务删除失败后连接为 INERROR，必须 ROLLBACK，再在新的 BEGIN/COMMIT 中删除子行和父行。

处理 {#response}

按完整性语义选择删除/改派依赖行、放弃父操作或重新设计 FK 动作。不要为了迁移方便把 RESTRICT 偷换成可延迟 NO ACTION。

实测诊断 {#messages}

18.6 (Homebrew) / latest：SQLSTATE 23001；primary update or delete on table "parents" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint "children_parent_id_fkey" on table "children"；DETAIL Key (id)=(1) is referenced from table "children".；after_error INERROR；after_rollback IDLE。 10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) / pg10：SQLSTATE 23503；primary update or delete on table "parents" violates foreign key constraint "children_parent_id_fkey" on table "children"；DETAIL Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table "children".；after_error INERROR；after_rollback IDLE。 17.11 (pg17) / boundary：SQLSTATE 23503；primary update or delete on table "parents" violates foreign key constraint "children_parent_id_fkey" on table "children"；DETAIL Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table "children".；after_error INERROR；after_rollback IDLE；最终计数 [0, 0]。该边界案例不计作 23001 覆盖。

代表案例 {#case}

运行器从 verify/cases/23001/snippets.json（SHA-256 6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8）读取下列片段，并为临时 schema 替换表名；完整 setup、断言与清理见案例导出。

-- create_parent
CREATE TABLE parents(id integer PRIMARY KEY);
-- create_child
CREATE TABLE children(id integer PRIMARY KEY, parent_id integer NOT NULL REFERENCES parents(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT);
-- seed_parent
INSERT INTO parents VALUES (1);
-- seed_child
INSERT INTO children VALUES (10, 1);
-- begin
BEGIN;
-- trigger
DELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;
-- rollback
ROLLBACK;
-- repair_begin
BEGIN;
-- repair_child
DELETE FROM children WHERE id = 10;
-- repair_parent
DELETE FROM parents WHERE id = 1;
-- commit
COMMIT;
-- verify
SELECT (SELECT count(*) FROM parents), (SELECT count(*) FROM children);

本案例对应的 SQLSTATE、诊断、事务状态和修复断言均来自上述共享 registry；结构化证据 · 案例导出。

作者证据 ID：identity、restrict-path、no-action-boundary、runtime、runtime.pg17-boundary。选定基础运行记录：runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest、runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10。单独的边界记录：runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17。

版本与边界 {#versions}

锁定目录在 7.4 已观察到该条件，并在列出的正式快照中均存在。选定基础案例在 18.6 观察到 23001，在 10.21 对同一 RESTRICT 删除观察到 23503。另一个 PG17.11 边界对照也返回 23503，并保持 INERROR 到 IDLE 的恢复边界；该记录单独保留，不能推广为所有 PostgreSQL 11–17 小版本的普遍结果。

来源 {#sources}

src.errcodes.18.6 (SHA-256 6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba)
src.calls.REL_18_6 (SHA-256 9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf)
src.ri_triggers.18.6 (SHA-256 a3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da)
doc.ddl-constraints.18.6 (SHA-256 ce1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7) · 官方文档

比较版本

SQLSTATE 证据与已记录的运行版本

cases · restrict_delete_referenced_parent

{
  "assertions": [
    "SQLSTATE is 23001",
    "The RESTRICT constraint and referencing table are identified",
    "Deleting the child first permits an explicit parent repair"
  ],
  "case_id": "restrict_delete_referenced_parent",
  "cleanup": "Drop the case schema with an owner connection.",
  "has_snippet": true,
  "position": 0,
  "preconditions": [
    "A child row references a parent through ON DELETE RESTRICT",
    "The parent delete is attempted while the child remains"
  ],
  "repair": "Resolve the dependent row according to business rules, then delete or retain the parent; changing RESTRICT to another action is a schema decision, not an error fix.",
  "trigger": "Delete the referenced parent row.",
  "versions": [
    "18"
  ]
}

claims · identity

{
  "claim_id": "identity",
  "limits": "The code is narrower than the general foreign-key violation code 23503.",
  "method": "Read the condition definition and macro.",
  "position": 0,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.errcodes.18.6"
  ],
  "statement": "23001 is restrict_violation, a specific Class 23 condition."
}

claims · restrict-path

{
  "claim_id": "restrict-path",
  "limits": "The exact DETAIL depends on privileges and key values; do not treat one rendered DETAIL as a static format string.",
  "method": "Trace the fixed ri_ReportViolation call and compare the documented action timing.",
  "position": 1,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.ri_triggers.18.6",
    "src.calls.REL_18_6",
    "doc.ddl-constraints.18.6"
  ],
  "statement": "The RI trigger reports 23001 when an immediate ON DELETE or ON UPDATE RESTRICT action finds a referencing row."
}

claims · no-action-boundary

{
  "claim_id": "no-action-boundary",
  "limits": "The PG10 result is a version/path boundary, not evidence that the user operation succeeded.",
  "method": "Read action semantics and the two selected runs.",
  "position": 2,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "src.ri_triggers.18.6",
    "doc.ddl-constraints.18.6",
    "runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10"
  ],
  "statement": "RESTRICT is checked immediately and is not deferrable; NO ACTION can be deferred when the constraint is declared DEFERRABLE, and PostgreSQL 10 uses the general 23503 path for the tested RESTRICT delete."
}

claims · runtime

{
  "claim_id": "runtime",
  "limits": "Only the PG18 result is an observed runtime for code 23001; the PG10 case is explicitly not_applicable for that code.",
  "method": "Compare summaries and raw diagnostics with the shared registry.",
  "position": 3,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest",
    "runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10"
  ],
  "statement": "The selected PG18 run returned 23001, entered INERROR, recovered after ROLLBACK, and committed deletion after removing the dependent row; PG10 returned 23503 for the same mechanism."
}

claims · runtime.pg17-boundary

{
  "claim_id": "runtime.pg17-boundary",
  "limits": "This is one PG17.11 comparison point and is not a universal claim for every PostgreSQL 11–17 minor release. It is not an observed 23001 runtime.",
  "method": "Read the PG17 boundary summary for the exact primary/detail, SQLSTATE, transaction statuses, and final counts.",
  "position": 4,
  "runtime": [],
  "sources": [
    "restrict-path",
    "runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17"
  ],
  "statement": "On the fixed PG17.11 boundary case, the same referenced-parent ON DELETE RESTRICT operation returned the general foreign_key_violation 23503 rather than dedicated 23001; the failed transaction moved from INERROR to IDLE after ROLLBACK and cleanup assertions passed."
}

messages · restrict

{
  "limits": "The privilege-aware branch can instead emit the source detail template without key values.",
  "message_id": "restrict",
  "path": "",
  "position": 0,
  "raw": {
    "detail_template": "Key (%s)=(%s) is referenced from table \"%s\".",
    "id": "restrict",
    "limits": "The privilege-aware branch can instead emit the source detail template without key values.",
    "primary_template": "update or delete on table \"%s\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"%s\" on table \"%s\"",
    "severity_source": "ERROR",
    "sources": [
      "src.ri_triggers.18.6"
    ],
    "sqlstate": "23001"
  },
  "severity": "ERROR",
  "sources": [
    "src.ri_triggers.18.6"
  ],
  "templates": [
    {
      "kind": "primary",
      "literal": "update or delete on table \" \" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \" \" on table \" \"",
      "position": 0,
      "role": "",
      "template": "update or delete on table \"%s\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"%s\" on table \"%s\""
    },
    {
      "kind": "detail",
      "literal": "Key ( )=( ) is referenced from table \" \".",
      "position": 1,
      "role": "",
      "template": "Key (%s)=(%s) is referenced from table \"%s\"."
    }
  ]
}

runtimes · runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest · 18.6 (Homebrew) · passed

{
  "cases": [
    "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
  ],
  "limits": "",
  "position": 0,
  "raw": {
    "case_manifest": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/cases.json",
      "sha256": "eca00a2f8f981d7f1ccf77e661b52690631bfedc399003f73ccc43de6a06a1bc"
    },
    "cases": [
      "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
    ],
    "id": "runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest",
    "observed": {
      "after_error": "INERROR",
      "after_rollback": "IDLE",
      "detail": "Key (id)=(1) is referenced from table \"children\".",
      "final_counts": [
        0,
        0
      ],
      "primary": "update or delete on table \"parents\" violates RESTRICT setting of foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"",
      "sqlstate": "23001"
    },
    "raw": "verify/results/23001-batch1-latest2-20260909/latest/raw.jsonl",
    "raw_sha256": "4f5c32e84c543203a9ebb757c2a3567b2441bd2f7aaf6f0ec0daa3d187474ea9",
    "run_id": "23001-batch1-latest2-20260909",
    "server_version": "18.6 (Homebrew)",
    "server_version_num": 180006,
    "snippet_registry": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/snippets.json",
      "sha256": "6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8"
    },
    "status": "passed",
    "summary": "verify/results/23001-batch1-latest2-20260909/latest/summary.json",
    "summary_sha256": "e38c907a737001707b5409de058e959f9da3711d7ab2c72c318d37f043351fc1",
    "target": "latest"
  },
  "run_id": "23001-batch1-latest2-20260909",
  "runtime_id": "runtime.23001-batch1-latest2-20260909.latest",
  "server_version": "18.6 (Homebrew)",
  "status": "passed",
  "target": "latest"
}

runtimes · runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10 · 10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1) · not_applicable

{
  "cases": [
    "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
  ],
  "limits": "",
  "position": 1,
  "raw": {
    "case_manifest": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/cases.json",
      "sha256": "eca00a2f8f981d7f1ccf77e661b52690631bfedc399003f73ccc43de6a06a1bc"
    },
    "cases": [
      "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
    ],
    "id": "runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10",
    "observed": {
      "after_error": "INERROR",
      "after_rollback": "IDLE",
      "detail": "Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".",
      "final_counts": [
        0,
        0
      ],
      "primary": "update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"",
      "sqlstate": "23503"
    },
    "raw": "verify/results/23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909/pg10/raw.jsonl",
    "raw_sha256": "92928af8522d2224aaaf21e8eb7a2d974e433a80d6f2b1bf33296588738d21b7",
    "reason": "PostgreSQL 10 reports this RESTRICT delete through the general foreign-key violation path 23503; the dedicated 23001 path is observed on PostgreSQL 18.",
    "run_id": "23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909",
    "server_version": "10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1)",
    "server_version_num": 100021,
    "snippet_registry": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/snippets.json",
      "sha256": "6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8"
    },
    "status": "not_applicable",
    "summary": "verify/results/23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909/pg10/summary.json",
    "summary_sha256": "ab114f4849fce773011f9069f644fd10d73abb66329ae931160fc8ecea295026",
    "target": "pg10"
  },
  "run_id": "23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909",
  "runtime_id": "runtime.23001-batch1-pg10b-20260909.pg10",
  "server_version": "10.21 (Debian 10.21-1.pgdg90+1)",
  "status": "not_applicable",
  "target": "pg10"
}

runtimes · runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17 · 17.11 (Debian 17.11-1.pgdg13+2) · not_applicable

{
  "cases": [
    "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
  ],
  "limits": "",
  "position": 2,
  "raw": {
    "case_manifest": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/cases.json",
      "sha256": "eca00a2f8f981d7f1ccf77e661b52690631bfedc399003f73ccc43de6a06a1bc"
    },
    "case_status": "not_applicable",
    "cases": [
      "restrict_delete_referenced_parent"
    ],
    "id": "runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17",
    "observed": {
      "after_error": "INERROR",
      "after_rollback": "IDLE",
      "constraint_name": "children_parent_id_fkey",
      "detail": "Key (id)=(1) is still referenced from table \"children\".",
      "expected_sqlstate": "23503",
      "final_counts": [
        0,
        0
      ],
      "natural_23001_observed": false,
      "primary": "update or delete on table \"parents\" violates foreign key constraint \"children_parent_id_fkey\" on table \"children\"",
      "severity": "ERROR",
      "sqlstate": "23503"
    },
    "raw": "verify/results/23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909/pg17/raw.jsonl",
    "raw_sha256": "2929c03723d90f76192e3d3ffc2f4f5a8a643f9a5f0eb898f7245f3cf6439c87",
    "reason": "The bounded PG17.11 RESTRICT delete uses the general 23503 path; the dedicated 23001 path is not applicable on this target.",
    "run_id": "23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909",
    "selection_status": "selected_boundary_comparison",
    "server_version": "17.11 (Debian 17.11-1.pgdg13+2)",
    "server_version_num": 170011,
    "snippet_registry": {
      "path": "verify/cases/23001/snippets.json",
      "sha256": "6086c1ce982afa5438bbcd29b86ec4cd0cbe0c76fa6152c1eb4a330a7706d5c8"
    },
    "status": "not_applicable",
    "summary": "verify/results/23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909/pg17/summary.json",
    "summary_sha256": "54174fb5450b9bade0e1788e288be5bf24792f161e71e9299b7095e1f40333e6",
    "target": "pg17",
    "target_status": "passed"
  },
  "run_id": "23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909",
  "runtime_id": "runtime.23001-boundary-pg17-final-20260909.pg17",
  "server_version": "17.11 (Debian 17.11-1.pgdg13+2)",
  "status": "not_applicable",
  "target": "pg17"
}

sources · src.errcodes.18.6

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "",
  "path": "src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt",
  "position": 0,
  "sha256": "6e8de346643ba84aa3c9c6a73360acfc7b2dfb89162c06c08ce9bf5bcd5bbcba",
  "source_id": "src.errcodes.18.6",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/errcodes.txt"
}

sources · src.calls.REL_18_6

{
  "commit": "",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "local_artifact",
  "location": "",
  "path": "raw/calls/REL_18_6.jsonl",
  "position": 1,
  "sha256": "9ee8a0e81d8f0825c5c1ae45583439859a26e602bdd4ce2f2a62aa278867ccbf",
  "source_id": "src.calls.REL_18_6",
  "tag": "",
  "url": ""
}

sources · src.ri_triggers.18.6

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "",
  "path": "src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c",
  "position": 2,
  "sha256": "a3fed49fbda88fe0fe5bcf35eb019fced28596ae4046233f2acb2eb9f90ab1da",
  "source_id": "src.ri_triggers.18.6",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/src/backend/utils/adt/ri_triggers.c#L2785-L2797"
}

sources · doc.ddl-constraints.18.6

{
  "commit": "724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7",
  "docs_url": "https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/ddl-constraints.html#DDL-CONSTRAINTS-FK",
  "kind": "upstream_source",
  "location": "",
  "path": "doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml",
  "position": 3,
  "sha256": "ce1919d9236f2e71672660e1a347146472e966e4d19b77fde5ae345dd1db6ec7",
  "source_id": "doc.ddl-constraints.18.6",
  "tag": "REL_18_6",
  "url": "https://github.com/postgres/postgres/blob/724edf9bde9d356724ad384a2e196edc3c9f80f7/doc/src/sgml/ddl.sgml"
}

来源引用

原始手册引用

完整定义与证据 JSON

定义来源

center · PostgreSQL 18 · english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e

正文语言: zh-Hans · english-manuals:f22256a96e7c13b90f1206172fb2665991d5fed5fad68c6adebcb48d3a97e19e